1. Chapter 55 Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology

2. I. Humans Threaten Biodiversity Three levels of Biodiversity –Genetic –Species –Ecosystem Major Threats –Habitat destruction –Introduced species –Overexploitation –Disruption of Interaction Networks

3. LE 55-2 Genetic diversity in a vole population Species diversity in a coastal redwood ecosystem Community and ecosystem diversity across the landscape of an entire region

4. Figure 55-05

5. LE 55-6 Brown tree snake, intro- duced to Guam in cargo. Introduced kudzu thriving in South Carolina

6. Figure 55-08

7. II. Population Conservation Small population approach –Extinction vortex –Minimum Viable Population size –Effective Population size Declining-Population Approach

8. LE 55-9 Reduction in individual fitness and population adaptability Small population Loss of genetic variability Higher mortality Genetic drift Inbreeding Lower reproduction Smaller population

9. LE 55-10 Population dynamics 19701975 19801985 199019952000 Year Number of male birds 100 200 150 50 0 Hatching rate 1970–74 Years Eggs hatched (%) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 1975–791980–841985–891990 1993–97

10. Figure 55-11

11. LE 55-12 1973 Year Number of individuals 150 100 50 0 1982 1991 2000 Females with cubs Cubs

12. LE 55-13 A red-cockaded woodpecker perches at the entrance to its nest site in a longleaf pine. Forest that can sustain red- cockaded woodpeckers has low undergrowth. Forest that cannot sustain red-cockaded woodpeckers has high, dense undergrowth that impacts the woodpeckers’ access to feeding grounds.

13. III. Sustaining Biotas Landscape Structure –Fragmentation, edges and corridors Protected Areas –Actual evapotranspiration

14. LE 55-14 Natural edges. Grasslands give way to forest ecosystems in Yellowstone National Park. Edges created by human activity. Pronounced edges (roads) surround clear-cuts in this photograph of a heavily logged rain forest in Malaysia.

15. Figure 55-15

16. Figure 55-16

17. LE 55-17 Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots Equator

18. LE 55-18 Kilometers 0 50 100 43° Yellowstone National Park Madison R. Idaho Montana Gallatin R. 42° 41° 40° Grand Teton National Park Wyoming Snake R. Montana Idaho Wyoming Yellowstone R. Shoshone R.

19. LE 55-21 Natural disasters Groundwater exploitation Industrial pollution Meteor strike Human-caused disasters Natural OR human- caused disasters 10 4 1,000 100 Recovery time (years) (log scale) 10 1 10 –3 10 –1 10 –2 1 10 4 Spatial scale (km 2 ) (log scale) 1,000 10010 Salination Flood Urbanization Tsunami Oil spill Modern agriculture Forest fire Nuclear bomb Acid rain Volcanic eruption Lightning strike Tree fall Land- slide Slash & burn

20. IV. Restoration Ecology Bioremediation Biological augmentation Sustainability