1. Independence Movements in Latin America

2. Latin American Geography
Latin America is made up of countries from North America, Central America, South America and the Caribbean Islands.
All languages spoken here are derived from Latin.
The cultures of this region reflect a combination of native beliefs and colonial powers.

3. Topography Major topographical features: Sierra Madre Mountains
Yucatan Peninsula
Amazon Basin
Andes Mountains
Atacama Desert
Brazilian Highlands
Patagonia

4. Spirit of Liberation
“I swear before God and by my honor never to allow my hands to be idle nor my soul to rest until I have broken the chains that bind us to Spain”
Simon Bolivar
What do you think “Liberation” means?
Explain the meaning of this quote in your own words.
Bolivar would fulfill quote and by 1825 most of Latin America had been freed from colonial rule.

5. Long Term Causes European domination
Enlightenment ideas of Locke, Rousseau & Montesquieu
American and French Revolutions
Growth of nationalism

6. Immediate Causes Creoles, Mestizos & Indians resent colonial rule
Revolutionary leaders emerge
Napoleon invades Spain & colonies saw Spain’s weakness as an opportunity to revolt

7. Haiti’s Struggle
Haiti’s sugar plantations made it a valuable colony of France

8. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Born into slavery
Son of a Noble West African Family
Learned to read
Inspired by stories of revolt in ancient Rome and Julius Caesar

9. Uprising of 1791
Toussaint with support of slaves vs France, Spain, Britain and Mulattoes
More lives lost than in any other Revolution in the Americas

10. Rebuilding Haiti By 1798 enslaved Haitians free
Toussaint controlled most of the island
Attempted to heal rifts between classes
Offered government jobs to whites, mulattoes & Africans
Napoleon enters picture in 1802 when 100 French soldiers were dying a day
TRUCE ESTABLISHED

11. Death of Toussaint Toussaint was betrayed and seized by Napoleon’s men
Ten months later in a French prison Toussaint died
1804 Haitian leaders declared independence
1820 Haiti a republic & only non slave nation in Western Hemisphere

12. Call to Freedom in Mexico
September 16, 1810 Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Creole priest, rang bells of freedom
“My children, will you be free? Will you make the effort to recover the lands stolen from your forefathers by the hated Spaniards 300 years ago?”

13. Mexicans rally behind Hidalgo
Hidalgo is supported by poor Mexicans
Mestizos and Native Americans march to Mexico city
Called for an end to slavery
Before 1811 he was executed

14. Father Jose Morelos
Father Morelos, a mestizo, called for the end of slavery and suffrage for all men
He was captured and shot
Spain almost succeeded in ending rebel movements

15. Independence for Spain & Mexico
1820 liberals forced King of Spain to issue a constitution
Conservative Creole Agustin de Iturbide feared colonial reform
1821, backed by Creoles, mestizos and Native Americans he overthrew Spanish Viceroy
Life for most changed little

16. South America’s Struggles
Strong Native American challenge led by Tupac Amaru
in 1780
Revolt crushed bbut Spanish King ened system of forced labor
By the 1800s discontent among Creoles sparked drive for independence

17. Simon Bolivar Acts
Simon Bolivar, an educated Creole, saw Napoleon’s occuparion of Spain the signal to act
In 1810 he led an uprising that established a republic in Venezuela
Civil war raged & Bolivar forced into exile

18. “The Liberator”
1819 Bolivar marches army across the Andes and attacks at Bogota
1821 he freed Caracas, Venezuela
Moves into Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia
Joins forces with Jose de San Martin

19. Jose de San Martin
San Martin , a Creole like Bolivar, was born in Argentina
1816 he won freedom for Argentina
He led an army across Andes into Chile
1822 San Martin stepped aside & Bolivar won final victories against Spain

20. Dreams and Disappointments
By 1824 wars of independence had ended
Bolivar’s dream for Gran Columbia vanished as rivalries flared
Gran Columbia split into Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador
Violent civil wars emerged
Long struggle for stability and even longer for democracy

21. Independence for Brazil
Portuguese King fled Napoleon to Brazil
Instituted reforms
Leaves son Dom Pedro to rule Brazil
“If Brazil demands independence, proclaim it yourself and put the crown on your own head.”
In 1822 Dom Pedro became Emperor

22. Long-Term Effects 18 separate republics are established
Struggle to achieve stable democratic governments & to gain economic independence
Ongoing efforts to bring prosperity & democracy to the people of Latin America

23. Assignment
Work in groups to complete your Recipe for Revolution