1. PRESSURE GROUPS
Overview of Key Points

2. EXAM REQUIREMENTS
“ A knowledge of different categories of pressure group; the factors that contribute to their success; the relationship between pressure groups and democracy”

3. What is a pressure group?
“An organisation whose members share common interests and seek to influence governments.”
However, there is crossover, in that some pressure groups stand candidates to gain attention for their cause (e.g. Richard Taylor in Wyre Forest); some become parties (the Greens); and some parties are single issue (Referendum Party in 1997).

4. Pressure Group Categories
Traditionally placed in four, overlapping, categories.
Insider Groups and Outsider Groups;
Sectional Groups and Cause Groups.
The second category group can sometimes be expanded to include other types – local, national, transnational, ‘umbrella’, temporary and permanent. It is not necessary to remember all of these.

5. Insider and Outsider Groups
Insider Groups enjoy direct access to ministers and policy-makers;
Outsider groups, by definition, do not.
Both sectional and cause groups can have insider status – for example the NFU (sectional), and the relatively small (under 3,000 members) but influential Howard League for Prison Reform (cause).
Status can change as governments - and policy priorities – change.

6. Some Examples of Insider Groups
British Medical Association
National Farmers’ Union (very influential in Foot and Mouth affair)
National Trust
Confederation of British Industry
Law Society
RSPCA

7. Some Examples of Outsider Groups
Countryside Alliance
OutRage
Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
Life (anti-abortion)
National Anti-Vivisection Society

8. In or Out?
Some groups are ‘insider’ groups at one point, and then find themselves relegated to ‘outsider’ status, and vice-versa.
E.g., trade unions used to be a strong insider group, particularly under Labour governments, but now find their influence diminished;
The CBI, meanwhile, has retained its insider status even under the Blair government.

9. ‘In-Between’ Groups
Some groups campaign in such a way that they seem to determine to embarrass the government, but collaborate with government in certain ways nonetheless.
Examples include Shelter, the Child Poverty Action Group, and Greenpeace.

10. Pressure Groups and Democracy
In theory, pressure groups are an asset to a democratic society.
They allow ordinary people to participate in society, and give potential influence to even small groups.
This is a pluralistic characteristic that healthy liberal democracies should show.
However, small numbers of influential individuals, and the possession of wealth, tends to bring overwhelming advantages!

11. The Case For Pressure Groups
They allow political participation between elections
They give a voice to minority groups
They can be a source of information to governments and voters
They are a pluralist dimension of a liberal democracy.

12. The Case Against Pressure Groups
They can divert attention away from elections and towards single issues
They allow well-organised and wealthy minorities to dominate debate
They provide conflicting and biased evidence to government and voters
They exhibit the unequal opportunities available for influencing government

13. What Affects the Success of Pressure Groups?
Political Context – sympathetic party in government?
Climate of opinion – Anti-Poll Tax in 1990; high fuel taxes opposed in 2000
Resources – wealth an obvious advantage
Membership – large membership gives greater weight, but there are exceptions – e.g. Howard League
Members’ Motivation – see Howard League

14. What Affects Success of Pressure Groups?
Organisation
Leadership – charismatic leadership often allows groups to punch above their weight
Types of campaigns – Countryside Alliance gained attention with mass marches (as did CND in an earlier age)
Media – this is a real issue, as the media is essentially elitist in its ownership, but essential for pressure groups to get their message across. However, see internet.

15. Pressure Groups Today
Pressure Group activity seems to be on the increase as people become disillusioned with mainstream parties. However, their contribution to the health of democracy remains ambiguous.