1. The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
Chapter 20
The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society

2. The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
Origins
Agricultural revolution
New methods of farming & breeding increased food production
British families saved $ on food, so they could now buy manufactured goods
Population growth and surplus of labor
Capital for investment
Britain had money to invest in industrialized machines
Advanced banking and credit system – developed financial system
Entrepreneur spirit in Great Britain
Entrepreneurs sought and accepted new profitable manufacturing methods

3. Government favorable to business
Mineral resources
Supply of coal & iron ore needed to run machines
Short distances for shipping resources
Private and public investment built up infrastructure
Roads, bridges, canals, railroads etc.
Government favorable to business
Stable govn’t and enforced property rights
Little restrictions on private enterprise
Markets
Vast colonial empire provided a market for manufactured goods

4. Possible Test Question
Britain’s emergence as the first industrial power was aided by all of the following except
A rapid population growth and a surplus pool of labor.
The agricultural revolution of the eighteenth century.
A ready supply of domestic and colonial markets.
Parliament’s heavy and controlling involvements in private enterprise.
A developed financial system.

5. Possible Test Question
The infrastructure advantages in Britain promoting rapid industrialization included all of the following except
Canals.
Roads.
Bridges.
Internal customs posts.
Railroads.

6. Technological Changes and New Forms of Industrial Organization
Cotton Industry
Richard Arkwright’s Water frame – use of hydro power
Crompton’s mule
Combined aspects of the water frame & the Spinning Jenny to increase yarn production
Hargreaves’ spinning jenny – created cheap mass quantities of yarn
Edmund Cartwright’s power looms, 1787
Allowed weaving of cloth to catch up with spinning of yarn
Water powered machines made rivers key locations for production

7. Possible Test Question
Which of the following inventions proved vital to the industrialization of British cotton manufacturing?
Arkwright’s water frame.
Hargreaves’ spinning jenny.
Cartwright’s power loom.
A and B.
All of the above.

8. The Steam engine James Watt (1736-1819)
Developed the steam engine powered by coal which increased productivity
Initially developed to pump water from mines
Watt later developed a rotary engine that could spin and weave cotton
Steam engines did not need to be located by rivers - development of factories
Coal production quadrupled from 1815 to 1850 to keep up with demand
Factories could run around the clock

9. Possible Test Question
The invention of the steam engine in Britain was initially triggered by
The textile industry’s demand for new sources of power.
Problems in the mining industry.
The railroad industry’s call for a more efficient source of power.
The need for a more efficient mode of power for English ships.
C and D.

10. Water frame powered by wheel
Water wheel

11. Spinners Crompton’s Mule – combined water frame & spinning Jenny
Spinning Jenny- multiple spindles off of one wheel

12. A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad
The Iron Industry
Puddling, melting the iron, stirring it, and forming it into bars
Developed by Henry Cort
Produced a higher quality iron
A Revolution in Transportation: Railroad
Richard Trevithick’s locomotive
1st Steam powered
George Stephenson’s Rocket
1st public railway line (32 miles long) went 16MPH
Britain was the European leader in civil and mechanical engineering
The Industrial Factory
Workers were wage earners instead of entrepreneurs
Workers were forced to work regular hours in shifts
Major change from agrarian work
Workers were disciplined with fines, dismissal or beatings

13. Possible Test Question
The development of such superior locomotives as the Rocket, used on the first public railway lines, is attributed to
Timothy Faulkner
George Stephenson.
Richard Trevithick.
Walter Zofrin.
Ian Botham.

14. Possible Test Question
The development of the railroads in the Industrial Revolution was important in
Increasing British supremacy in civil and mechanical engineering.
Increasing the size of markets and the price of goods.
Bringing about the demise of joint-stock companies.
Defeating Napoleon.
Making London a great port city.

15. A Boulton and Watt Steam Engine

16. Railroad Line from Liverpool to Manchester “Rocket”

17. A British Textile Factory

18. The Great Exhibition: Britain in 1851
Crystal Palace
Covered 19 acres, 100,000 exhibits
Showcased products of the industrial revolution
Great Exhibition
Displayed Britain’s wealth
Britain: “workshop, banker, and trader of the world”
It produced ½ of the world’s coal & manufactured goods
By 1851, Britain’s cotton industry was equal to all other European countries combined

19. Possible Test Question
The Great Exhibition of 1851
Showed how the Industrial Revolution had produced wealth from the coal mines of England.
Displayed Great Britain’s industrial wealth to the world.
Was housed in the Royal Palace, a tribute to French engineering skills.
Showed British agricultural technology to the world.
Was modeled upon the Parisian Exhibition of 1815.

20. Map 20.1: The Industrial Revolution in Britain by 1850

21. The Pace of Industrialization on the Continent
Obstacles to Rapid Industrialization
Lack of a transportation system
Didn’t have good roads or river transit
Upheavals of war
French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars
Weakened political and social stability
Loss of manpower
Traditional habits of business
Guild restrictions, toll stations

22. Possible Test Question
One of the chief reasons why Europe initially lagged behind England in industrialization was a lack of
Banking facilities.
Roads and means of transportation.
Manpower.
Capital for investment.
Lack of ambition.

23. Government’s Role Spurs to Industrialization
Borrowing of techniques and practices
Until 1825, British artisans were prohibited from leaving the country
Government support – larger role in industrialization in Continental Europe
provided technical education, awarded grants to inventors, funded factories, improved infrastructure, imposed tariffs
Joint-stock investment banks
Continental banks began investing money in railroads, mines, factories with limited liability to their shareholders

24. Possible Test Question
One of the differences between British and Continental industrialization was that
Government played a larger role in British industrialization.
Britain relied upon railroads while Continental nations primarily made use of rivers and canals.
Government played a larger role in Continental industrialization.
Continental industrialization relied more upon textile manufacturing than did Britain.
None of the above.

25. The Spread of Industrialization
Centers of Continental Industrialization
Continental Europe was a decade behind Great Britain
Centered around cotton manufacturing
Began first in:
Belgium
France
Germany
Impact of the steam engine
Iron and coal for heavy industry in Germany and France
Belgium and Germany were the first Continental countries to develop comprehensive railroad systems

26. Industrial Revolution in the U.S.
Borrowing from Britain
Samuel Slater- British immigrant who used water-powered spinning machines to establish the first textile factory in US in 1790
American system – use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing
Transportation network
Due to geographic size, transportation was a key factor in U.S. industrialization
Most important development was the railroad
US had 100 miles of track in 1830
By 1860 they had 27,000 miles of track
U.S. moved from rural to urban
Labor
European immigrants provided a cheap labor force
Unskilled labor pool forced capital-intensive industrialization (owners had to invest in machines to compensate)
Women were employed in textile mills and factories
Industrialization didn’t provide social mobility
By 1860, wealthiest 10% controlled 70 to 80% of wealth compared to 50% of the wealth in 1800

27. Possible Test Question
The initial application of machinery to production in the United States was
Entirely the result of American inventors and inventions.
By borrowing from Great Britain.
By learning from the mistakes made in France and doing the opposite.
To use only adult males as factory workers.
To employ slaves in the new southern cotton mills.

28. Possible Test Question
By 1860 what percent of the population in cities held 70 to 80% of the wealth in America?
10 percent
25 percent
40 percent
60 percent
80 percent

29. Possible Test Question
The so-called American System was
High tariffs to protect new industries.
The use of interchangeable parts in manufacturing.
A common market for the western hemisphere.
Free trade and the absence of tariffs.
Wage and price controls.

30. Map 20.2: The Industrialization of Europe by 1850

31. Limiting the Spread of Industrialization in the Nonindustrialized World
Deliberate policy to prevent growth of mechanized industry
Eastern Europe remained largely rural and agricultural
Exported raw materials for manufactured goods
India spinners and handloom weavers were put out of work
Britain imported cheap manufactured goods which undermined home made businesses in the colonies

32. The Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution
Population Growth
Decline of the death rate (famine, epidemics, war) & increase in food supply
Agricultural revolution all but ended famine
By 1850, European population was over 265 million
The Great Hunger (Exception to increase in food supply)
Irish population growth
Grew from 4 to 8 million between 1781 & 1845
Reliance on the potato
Potato crop fails,
Over 1 million died of starvation and disease
Over 2 million emigrated to U.S.
Ireland became the only European nation with a declining population in the 19th century

33. Emigration close to a million Germans also moved The Growth of Cities
Rapid, unplanned, growth
Move from rural to urban – left the countryside looking for work in cities
Direct result of industrialization

34. Possible Test Question
By 1850, the European population
Could not be closely approximated as government statistics were not yet kept.
Was close to figures from 1800.
Was over 50 million.
Was over 150 million.
Was over 265 million.

35. Urban Living Conditions in the Early Industrial Revolution
Cities and suburbs
Sprang up fast with little planning
Quickly became overcrowded
Unsanitary conditions
Waste flowed through the gutters
Crowding
Rise in prostitution, crime, & sexual immorality
Adulteration of food
Chemicals were added to food and drinks were watered down
Urban Reformers
Edwin Chadwick ( )
Advocated a system of modern sanitary reform
Resulted in first Public Health Act
Use of drainage - sewers
Piped water

36. Possible Test Question
Edwin Chadwick
Was a leader in expressing the dislike of the middle class for the working poor.
Wrote the Treatise on the Iron Law of Wages.
Advocated modern sanitary reforms that resulted in Britain’s first Public Health Act.
Was representative of the new entrepreneurial, industrial class.
Opposed any and all government involvement in economic and social issues.

37. New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class
The New Industrial Entrepreneurs
Industrialists emerge as a dominant industrial class
Challenges of industrialization
Resourceful individuals with diverse social backgrounds
Members of dissenting religious minorities prominent
Many religions were exempt from public office so they focused their attention on business
Participation of aristocrats in Britain
Significance
Rise of the new business aristocracy
Grew to significance that would rival the landed aristocracy

38. New Social Classes: Workers in the Industrial Age
Factory workers a minority of the working class
Artisans and Craftspeople: largest group of urban workers in the first half of the century
Working Conditions
Cotton mills – worst conditions due to heat and hazardous air
Coal mines
Child labor – low paid and small size made them ideal to work with large machines
Pauper apprentices- orphans
Women – did not affect overall gender relationships in regards to women working across social classes

39. Standards of Living
Benefited the middle class
More disparity between wealth of upper and lower classes
Led to an overall increase in purchasing power for the working classes

40. Efforts at Change Efforts at Change: The Workers
Robert Owen ( ), Utopian Socialism
Social reformer who pushed to unite unions
Advocated an 8 hour work day
Workers looked to form unions
Luddites
skilled craftspeople who attacked the machines they believed threatened their livelihoods (British)
The People’s Charter (Chartists) British Workers movement
Demanded universal male suffrage, payment for members of Parliament, elimination of property requirements for members of Parliament & annual sessions of Parliament
Attempted to institute change by peaceful, constitutional means
Provided working-class with sense of consciousness

41. Possible Test Question
The Luddites
Received little support in their areas of activity.
Destroyed industrial machines that destroyed their livelihood.
Were composed of the lowest unskilled workers in Great Britain.
Was the first movement of working-class consciousness of the Continent.
Demanded the establishment of a socialist economy.

42. Possible Test Question
The Chartist movement in Britain
Was the skilled craftsmen’s attempt to destroy industrial machinery.
Gave millions of working-class men and women a sense of working-class consciousness.
Coerced Parliament into instituting universal male suffrage.
Led to violent revolution.
Ended with the accession of Queen Victoria to the throne.

43. Efforts at Change: Reformers and Government
Factory Act of 1833
No more than 12 hour work days for kids
Required daily education for kids
Coal Mines Act, 1842
Eliminated employment of women and children in mines
Factories would be inspected and fined