1. Chapman Mechanism (~1930, Sidney Chapman) O 2 + h  O + O ( <242.4 nm) O + O 2 + M  O 3 + M O 3 + h  O + O 2 ( <280 nm) O + O 3  2O 2 O + O + M  O 2 + M

8. http://www.epa.gov/indicators/roe/html/roeAirInfo.htm United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA Report on the Environment (ROE) http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html “The Ozone Tour” Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge

10. “The Ozone Tour” -- http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part3.html Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Cambridge Paul J. Crutzen The Netherlands Max-Planck Institut Mainz, Germany Mario J. Molina USA M.I.T. Cambridge, Mass. F. Sherwood Rowland USA University of California Irvine, California Nobel Prize 1995 (1/3 each)

12. Catalytic Decomposition of Ozone X + O 3  XO + O 2 XO + O  X + O 2 ______________________________ __ O 3 + O  2O 2 X = HO x (  H,  OH, HOO  ) NO x (NO ,  NO 2 ) ClO x (  Cl, ClO  ) N 2 O from troposphere: N 2 O + O*  2NO  in middle & upper stratosphere NO  + O 3  NO 2  + O 2 NO 2  + O  NO  + O 2 ______________________________ __ O 3 + O  2O 2 HO  + O 3  HOO  + O 2 HOO  + O  HO  + O 2 ________________________________ O 3 + O  2O 2 Above 45 km,  OH dominates, from: O* + H 2 O   OH +  OH and O* + CH 4   OH +  CH 3

13. X + O 3  XO + O 2 XO + XO  X + X+ O 2 ________________________________ 2O 3  3O 2 In lower stratosphere (~15-25 km), [O] is relatively low: UV-C absorbed by ozone. [O 2 ] is high (so most O quickly reacts with it). Therefore, the dominant ozone loss mechanism is: Reaction goes by: XO + XO  [XOOX]  X + X+ O 2 Rate of O 3 production depends on [O 2 ], [O 3 ], h (UV-C) Destruction is more complex, but depends on [X], UV-B. If something changes, generally [O 3 ] increases or decreases until it reaches a steady state. Self-healing: [O 3 ] , UV-C , more O 3 forms below. Next: Atomic Cl and Br as X.

14. Atomic Cl and Br as X: Cl  can destroy tens of thousands of O 3 molecules each, but is mainly in inactive forms (HCl, ClONO 2 ) in stratosphere. ClO  + NO 2   ClONO 2 Cl  + CH 4  HCl + CH 3  CH 3  does not operate as an X catalyst, since it combines with O 2 to give CO 2.

17. On crystals: ClONO 2g + HCl s  Cl 2g + HNO 3aq Cl 2 + h  2Cl  or: ClONO 2g + H s O aq  HOCl aq + HNO 3aq HCl g  H + aq + Cl - aq Cl - aq + HOCl aq  Cl 2g + OH - aq Crystals bind NO 2  that would normally deactivate Cl , removing it to the troposphere (denitrification). Conditions in the Arctic are similar to those in the Antarctic, but not as severe, because the temperature is not as low there as in the Antarctic.