1. Classical Economics Chapter 11

2. Part I: The Classical Economic System The centerpiece of classical economics is Say’s law –Say’s law states, “Supply creates its own demand” –This means that somehow, what we produce – supply – all gets sold 11-4 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Why Does Anybody Work? People work because they want money to buy things –People who produce things are paid. They spend this money on what other people produce –As long as everyone spends everything that he or she earns, the economy is OK But, the economy begins to have problems when people save part of their incomes –People do save, and saving is crucial to economic growth Without saving, we could not have investment – the production of plant, equipment, and inventory 11-5 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

4. Think of production as consisting of two products: consumer goods and invest-ment goods (for now, we’re ignoring government goods) The money spent on consumer goods is designated by the letter C The money spent on investment goods is designated by the letter I Consumer Goods and Investment Goods 11-6 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

5. 11-7 Consumer Goods and Investment Goods If we think of GDP as total spending, then GDP would be C + I If we think of GDP as income received, then GDP would be C + S Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

6. 11-8 Consumer Goods and Investment Goods If we think of GDP as total spending, then GDP would be C + I If we think of GDP as income received, then GDP would be C + S GDP = C + I GDP = C + S Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

7. 11-9 Consumer Goods and Investment Goods GDP = C + I GDP = C + S And since things equal to the same thing are equal to each other, we have C + I = C + S Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

8. 11-10 Consumer Goods and Investment Goods GDP = C + I GDP = C + S Things equal to the same thing are equal to each other C + I = C + S Next, we can subtract the same thing from both sides of the equation. In this case we subtract C I = S Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

9. Say’s Law Revisited 11-11 Households Firms 7.0 The economy produces a supply of consumer goods and investment goods (Aggregate Supply = AS) AS Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

10. Say’s Law Revisited 11-12 Households Firms 7.0 AS= The people who produce these goods (Households) spend part of their incomes on consumer goods C=6.5 They save the rest S=0.5 Their savings are borrowed by investors who spend this money on investment goods I=0.5 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

11. Say’s Law Revisited 11-13 Households Firms 7.0 AS= C=6.5 S=0.5 I=0.5 GDP = C + I GDP = 6.5 + 0.5 GDP = 7.0 GDP = 7.0 = Aggregate Demand (AD) I = S We can see that Say’s law holds up, at least in accordance with classical analysis. Supply does create its own demand. Everything produced is sold. (AS = GDP=AD) Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

12. Supply and Demand Revisited 11-14 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The curves cross at a price of $7.30 and a quantity of 6

13. Supply and Demand Revisited 11-15 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Loanable Funds Market The demand and supply curves cross at an interest rate of 15 percent

14. Supply and Demand Revisited 11-16 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Market for Hypothetical Product If the quantity supplied is greater than the quantity demanded at a certain price (in this case $8), the price will fall to the equilibrium level ($6), at which quantity demanded is equal to quantity supplied.

15. Supply and Demand Revisited 11-17 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Hypothetical Labor Market If the wage rate is set too high ($9 an hour),the quantity of labor supplied exceeds the quantity of labor demanded. The wage rate falls to the equilibrium level of $7; at that wage rate, the quantity of labor demanded equals the quantity supplied

16. The Classical Equilibrium: Aggregate Demand Equals Aggregate Supply On the micro level, when quantity demanded equals quantity supplied, we’re at equilibrium On the macro level, when aggregate demand equals aggregate supply, we’re at equilibrium The classical economist believed our economy was either at, or tending toward, full employment So at classical equilibrium – the GDP at which aggregate demand was equal to aggregate supply – we were at full employment 11-18 Copyright  2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.