1. Creating a “New Europe” The End of World War I

2. Treaty of Versailles  Allies made separate peace treaties with each of the 5 Central Powers  Nations included:  Germany  Austria  Hungary  Bulgaria  Ottoman Empire

3. Treaty of Versailles Cont.  Signed at Palace of Versailles, near Paris  New German leaders forced to sign  Treaty was bitter to Germany:  Germany alone started the war and pay reparations  Treaty did not specify total amount of reparations

4. Germans at Versailles  Germany had no choice but to sign in June 1919.  Treaty provided for formation of League of Nations  Made numerous territorial adjustments and placed restrictions on Germany

5. Loss of Territory  Germans lost land in North, West, and Eastern borders  Lost overseas colonies  Alsace and Lorraine returned to France  No fortifications in the Rhineland, Allied occupation here  Saar Valley coal used for reparations to France

6. German Losses at Versailles  Poland restored as independent nation  Germans abolish conscription  No more than 100,000 soldiers  No heavy tanks, artillery, planes, gas, submarines  Small number of warships  Allies lacked enforcement of these

7. Austro-Hungarian Territories  Nation split as war ended  Separate peace treaties with Allies  Lost territory  Austrians starved due to lack of food

8. Bulgaria and Ottoman Empire  Lost territories  Dardanelles controlled by international commission  Several New States:  Palestine  Trans-Jordan  Syria  Iraq

9. New Nations in Europe  4 Independent Nations from Russia  Finland  Estonia  Latvia  Lithuania

10. Dissatisfied Minorities  National Self-Determination didn ’ t happen for every ethnic group  Many ethnic groups lived under unfamiliar borders after the war  These minorities were unhappy and had problems:  Armenians, Kurds

11. The League of Nations  President Wilson compromised on 14 Points  Treaties failed to create “ Peace of Justice ”  United States did not ratify League of Nations

12. Organization of the League  2 Main Aims:  To promote international cooperation  To maintain peace by settling disputes World Court established League included all sovereign European Nations

13. Maintaining Peace  Members agreed not to resort to war  Promised to follow World Court  Penalties for breaking League agreements:  Economic Sanctions  No diplomatic relations  Military force last result

14. League Mandates  Mandates are designated areas to be “ administered ”  Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, or Japan got German territory

15. Start of the League  U.S. never a member  U.S. fearful of entangling alliances overseas  Fear of another bloody war  Commitments of Peacekeeping  U.S. signed separate treaty with Germany

16. League Nations  42 members at first meeting in Geneva, Switzerland in Nov. 1920  Germany joined 1926  Russia 1934  59 countries eventually joined