1. Take Notes 1 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Notes Return to slide

2. Take Notes 2 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 News of the week  NPR: George Lakeoff on “political framing”political framing  NYTimes “Top Bush Aide Is Questioned in C.I.A. Leak”“Top Bush Aide Is Questioned in C.I.A. Leak”

3. Take Notes 3 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 J200: Journalism and Mass Communications - Week II & III  Continuation of 1 st Amendment Discussion  Process of Mass Communication  Functions of the Media  General Systems Theory  Production / Distribution  Controlling Influences  Ethical Considerations

4. Take Notes 4 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Focus & Function of 1 st Amend.  Given the 5 factors in the 1 st Amend, what might we assume are the functions of the 1 st Amend.?  Protect religion  Protect political and other speech  Recent research concludes that freedom of speech is a key factor in economic development. See World Bank study http://worldbankfreespeech.notlong.com http://worldbankfreespeech.notlong.com

5. Take Notes 5 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 World Bank Study  A free press can…  reduce poverty and boost economic development in poor countries, but …  success of newspapers, radio and TV stations in spurring development depends on…  their independence, quality, and their ability to reach a wide audience.

6. Take Notes 6 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 World Bank Study  Free and independent media can  expose corruption in government and the corporate sector,  provide a voice for the people/citizens to be heard, and  help build public consensus to bring about change

7. Take Notes 7 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Process of MassComm Source “Encodes” Message Channel Receiver “decodes” message Feedback

8. Take Notes 8 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 In all mass media industries, organizations carry out four primary activities:  Production  Distribution  Exhibition  Finance

9. Take Notes 9 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 An analysis matrix:

10. Take Notes 10 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 An analysis matrix:

11. Take Notes 11 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Brief introduction to General Systems Theory  Attributes of a system…. 1. Composed of variables, i.e. elements that can be defined, or described, separately.  Sub-variables. Tree-to-branch-to-leaf-to- cell 2. There are relationships between variables  Horizontal relationships  Vertical (i.e. hierarchical) relationships

12. Take Notes 12 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Brief introduction to General Systems Theory 3. A system has boundaries  Conceptual  Legal: corporate, jurisdiction  Geographic  Cultural 4. A system has goals, self-defined or with a definition imposed by an observer/researcher  Make money  Provide for group security, happiness, procreation 5. System is capable of learning

13. Take Notes 13 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 A newspaper as a system Editorial Production Circulation Advertising “Backoffice”

14. Take Notes 14 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 A newspaper as a system Editorial  Local News  Int’l News  Business  Sports

15. Take Notes 15 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 A newspaper variables and sub-systems Editorial  Local News  Int’l News  Business  Sports zHigh School zCollege zProfessional

16. Take Notes 16 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Online enterprise Dynamic system model

17. Take Notes 17 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 These activities involve resources and power  Resources: The symbolic and material components a system needs to carry out its tasks.  Power: The use of resources by one system in order to gain compliance by another system.

18. Take Notes 18 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Power role  Power roles  Resource-controlling relationships  Taken on mostly by systems  Producer Power Role  Creates material for release to public  Competition over niches

19. Take Notes 19 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Power Role  Exhibitor Power Role  Exhibition is the activity of presenting mass media materials to audiences for viewing or purchase  Finance can involve two power roles  Investor  Client

20. Take Notes 20 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 The Client Power Role  Organizations pay for product that exists  Advertisers -- the main support system  But others exist as well

21. Take Notes 21 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Investor Power Role  Broadly speaking, a company has two ways to get money in anticipation of production  Take out loans, and…  Encourage investments in the company  Many media firms are public companies -- that is, their stocks are available on the open market.

22. Take Notes 22 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Other ways to get financing  Venture capitalists  Stock offerings  IPO -- Initial Public Offerings

23. Take Notes 23 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Media financing  Large majority of U.S. media are in commercial hands  Q: Does that make for better or worse media content?  That doesn’t mean government is out of the picture

24. Take Notes 24 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Government regulation  Government regulations influence the kinds of businesses firms can enter  Government regulations also influence kinds of materials producers can create and show to audiences.

25. Take Notes 25 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Controlling Influences: Government  Authority Power Role  Certain businesses, such as radio broadcasting, television broadcasting and cable TV, have government (all levels) regulations directed just at them.  Licensing  Copyright  FCC and Powell http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3541- 2003Jan2?language=printer http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A3541- 2003Jan2?language=printer

26. Take Notes 26 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Controlling Influences: Government  Obscenity  Q: Can the police come to your home and take out an obscene video that you have rented?  The Tin Drum case http://archive.aclu.org/issues/freespeech /tindrum.html http://archive.aclu.org/issues/freespeech /tindrum.html

27. Take Notes 27 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Controlling Influences: Government  Libel  Is an Internet Service Provider libel for libelous notes that it sends?  The case of Lunney v. Prodigy http://legal.web.aol.com/decisions/dldefa m/lunney.html http://legal.web.aol.com/decisions/dldefa m/lunney.html

28. Take Notes 28 J200 - Week © J.T.Johnson 1999-2003 _____________________________Fall 2003 Controlling Influences: Ethics  What determines media ethics?  Individuals  Corporate culture  Corporate “standards”  Audience pressures  Professional organizations