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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 1 About me, you and this lecture – What do you hope to gain from this lecture? Jeff Conn’s Webpage: web.pdx.edu/~connjcweb.pdx.edu/~connjc
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 2 Sociolinguistics The study of language in its social contexts Speech community - group of people who share some set of social conventions (socioling norms) regarding language use - EXAMPLES? Accent - pronunciation Dialect - includes pronunciation (phonological/phonetic), but also includes grammatical, lexical and usage - MFL exampleMFL example Some examples of homophones for some -- hock/hawk, caller/collar, cot/caught, calm/com, Don/Dawn Variety - used as a more neutral term for dialect or language 1)Mary = merry = marry 2)Mary = merry marry 3)Mary merry = marry 4)Mary = marry merry???
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 3 Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time Some social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others) REGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? Sex/Gender Social class* Age Ethnicity* Style Sociolinguistics
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 4 Linguistic variation and change – Social Class Regional difference is post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc)post-vocalic r William Labov - NYC - listen to a New YorkerNYClisten to a New Yorker Style – attitudes about varieties Coffee shop with a sign: “We’re sorry - no blended drinks today. The blender is broke.” This sign was in Portland area – where would you expect to see it (based on stereotypes – not your opinion if they’re real) [stereotypes based on class/education/income]
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 5 Linguistic variation and change Some dialects in North America have no r at the ends of words (car, card, guard, etc). For them, r can only be the beginning of a syllable. Includes New York City, Boston, New England and some older southern styles (like Savannah, GA, Charleston, SC, Richmond, VA) American Tongues Chapter 17, 44:24 post-vocalic r (car, card, guard, etc) post-vocalic r William Labov - NYC - listen to a New YorkerNYClisten to a New Yorker
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 6 Linguistic variation and change Style and ling change interacts with social class William Labov’s department store study
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 7 Linguistic variation and change – dialect (and language) differences due to linguistic change over time Some social factors interacting with linguistic variation: (how people identify themselves and others) REGION* - what are the major dialects/accents spoken in America? REGION Sex/Gender Social class* Age Ethnicity* Style Sociolinguistics
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 8 Dialect Study Background Linguistic variation and change Regional varieties described in terms of lexical choices done through Linguistic Atlas creation Dialectologists looked at NORMs = old men in the sticks! (non-mobile old rural men) Asked what is the word you use for... Plotted variation on a map and drew lines – isoglosses (see image ) Now sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening (lang change) in the cities
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 9 Linguistic variation and change - Region Craig Carver, 1987 – Used Dictionary of American Regional English (DARE) which looked at lexical variation to identify dialects of N. American English Now sociolinguists look at urban populations and exam different regions in terms of what is happening in the cities with respect to language change Labov, Ash and Boberg, 2005: Lingusitic Atlas of North American English = large scale phonological survey of North American English American Tongues – Chapter 10
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 10 What are the different regional accents in your opinion? http://www.pbs.org/speak/speech/mapping/map.html
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 11 O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 12 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 13 Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists American Tongues – Chapter 5
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 14 O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 15 Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 16 Non circled vowels = lax vowels
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 17 Linguistic variation and change Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 18 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 19 Linguistic variation and change Regional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over time Northern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins) Northern Cities Shift Chicago sample O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 20 Linguistic variation and change The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 21 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 22 Linguistic variation and change The Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;Arkansas 2minsEng 3mins O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 23 Linguistic variation and change The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 24 Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010 ?
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 25 Linguistic variation and change The California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)CaliOntario 2:15 O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 26 California different from Canada – Is Seattle/Portland different from Vancouver BC?
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 27 Portland C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 28 Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caught From Linguistic Atlas of N American English
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 29 Melissa, 28 ‘caught’ ‘cot’ Cot/Caught Merger
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 30 Cot/Caught Merger ‘off’ Dorothy, 89
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 31 The Fronting of /ow/
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 32 The Fronting of /ow/ in Pdx Stacy, 14 ??? Jan, 53 Daisy, 56 Kenneth, 53 Sabrina, 28 Jan, 53 Kenneth, 53
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 33 The Canadian Shift
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 34 short-o F2 < 1275 Hz. short-a F2 < 1750 Hz. short-e F1 > 650 Hz. The Canadian Shift Robbie, 14 Melissa, 28
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 35 “Do You Speak American” –video of examples of regional linguistic variation The website here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/http://www.pbs.org/speak/ Conn article on Portland speech is here: http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 36 Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes There are many different varieties - what is correct? Standard English is just one of many different varietieswhat is correct Linguistics try to describe these varieties and all the varieties are equal in linguistics terms Are other dialects mutually intelligible – here some sounds here from the Northern Cities area: Northern Cities Shift (not #5)Northern Cities Shift
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 37 Linguistic variation and change - Attitudes What are the consequences of speaking a non-standard dialect? What is standard American English? Is there a standard pronunciation? Listen to clips from American Tongues – Funny Accents track, Chapter 12 (negative feelings toward southern American), American Tongues Chapter 17, 44:24
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 38 Linguistic variation and change Ethnicity - Chicano English, African American Vernacular English, Native American English; etc.Chicano EnglishAfrican American Vernacular English AAVE - shares features with other English dialects Phonological features part of other varieties Habitual be, copula deletion - more elaborate than standard English The coffee cold today. (One time event) The coffee be cold here. (Habitual)
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 39 Linguistic variation and change Ethnicity - African American Vernacular English,African American Vernacular English From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 40 Linguistic variation and change – Listen to clips from DYSA Ethnicity - African American Vernacular English,African American Vernacular English From O’Grady, et. al. 2010.
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 41 What does this information mean in terms of Cascadia? How would language form a part of this emerging identity?
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 42 Video and Internet Sources: American Tongues video - http://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/american.htmlhttp://www.cnam.com/non_flash/language/american.html Nice examples of different American dialects, mostly regional dialects, some profanity, a little outdated, good examples of how every day people feel about dialects Do You Speak American – website and video http://www.pbs.org/speak/http://www.pbs.org/speak/ Nice examples of a lot of different American Englishes, regional differences as well as ethnic differences, linguist viewpoint (very descriptive with little information on attitudes toward language), a little long and not all is relevant, good web resources that can be used with video including teacher’s guide Conn article on Portland accent: http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/http://www.pbs.org/speak/seatosea/americanvarieties/pacificnorthwest/ International Dialects of English Archive - http://web.ku.edu/~idea/http://web.ku.edu/~idea/ Great examples of many types of English, a little hard to find some good accent productions (not all speakers have strong regional accents) Project on English in the Pacific NW – http://www.artsci.washington.edu/NWenglish/http://www.artsci.washington.edu/NWenglish/ Site with a lot of information (not created by linguist) - http://aschmann.net/AmEng/http://aschmann.net/AmEng/ Resources
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Jeff Conn web.pdx.edu/~connjc Slide 43 Some Useful Books: Labov, W. (1994) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical information about language change) Labov, W. (2001) Principles of Lingusitic Change, Volume 2: Social Factors. Oxford: Blackwell. (Very technical but detailed including Labov’s Philadelphia Study.) Milroy, L. and Gordon, M. (2003) Sociolinguistics: Method and Interpretation. Oxford: Blackwell. (Good information about field and methodology of sociolinguistics – some technical linguistic knowledge required, not a lot of actual examples) O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2009). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6 th edition). Bedford/St. Martin’s. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 1: An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 2: The British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. Wells, John C. (1982) Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press. (Good descriptions of different accents, focuses on pronunciation, mainly descriptive and not as theoretical as others) *Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. (2006) American English. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2nd Edition. (Best choice for beginners – assumes some linguistic technical knowledge, many specific examples) Resources
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