1. PLP 3104 FUNDAMENTALS OF ENTOMOLOGY PROF MADYA DR. NUR AZURA BINTI ADAM Ketua Jabatan Perlindungan Tumbuhan, Tingkat 2, Block E, Tel: 0389474922/0193031072 nur_azura@upm.edu.my

2. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON INSECT 1.Miilipede/gonggok is an insect. T/F 2.Insect can smell. T/F 3.All insects can fly. T/F 4.Which one is an insect? A B

3. TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE ON INSECT 5. Name one type of insect’s legs 6. What does it mean by crepuscular insect? 7. Insects have 3-5 pairs of legs. T/F 8. Does insect has bone? Y/N 9. Legs of an insect is located on the abdomen. T/F 10. What is spermatheca?

4. INSECT OVERVIEW & THE ENVIRONMENT General view of insects Why insects is successful The importance of insects –Examples

5. WHY STUDY INSECTS??

6. ESTIMATION: 2 MILL. ANIMAL SPECIES >70% ARE INSECTS SPECIES

7. Why so successful? 1) Exoskeleton –Outside of the body unlike vertebrate –Gives shape & support to soft tissues –protection from attack or injury –minimizes the loss of body fluids in both arid and freshwater environments (has wax) –assures mechanical advantage to muscles for strength and agility in movement.

8. Why so successful? Fairyflies (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) no more than 0.139 mm in length. 33 cm: stick insect goliath beetle: 100 g 2) small size

9. Why so successful? Being small, exoskeleton also small Being big, exosk. must be big: HEAVY!!!!!

10. minimal resources needed for survival and reproduction Leafminer mealybugs

11. Easy to hide from predator hide in the cracks of a rock, beneath the bark of a tree, behind the petal of a flower

12. Mole cricket

13. 3) Flight –the only invertebrate that can fly –highly effective mode of escape from predators –efficient means of transportation, allowing populations to expand more quickly into new habitats

14. The migratory locust, Schistocerca gregaria, can fly for up to 9 hours without stopping

15. 4) reproductive potential –Produce large number of eggs –High fertility (most eggs hatch) –Short life cycle –Female have spermatheca for sperm storage –Asexual reproduction (aphids,thrips,scale insects: males are absent)

16. 5) metamorphosis –86% insect species undergo complete metamorphosis –immatures and adults (imago) may consume different types of food, exploit different environmental resources, and even occupy different habitats. –Eg: butterfly: larva consumes leaves, adult comsumes nectar

17. 6) adaptation of appendages –Various type of mouth(piercing, sucking,chewing) –Consume various type of food

18. THE IMPORTANCE 1) PEST of crops/food/other products a 2) VECTORS of diseases: i) Malaria (Anopheles spp., female)- protozoa Plasmodium falciparum

19. –ii) Dengue: Aedes aegypti Virus Flavivirus Chikungunya: Aedes sp.

20. –iii) Enteric diseases (Bacterial and viral infections of the gastrointestinal tract) Eg: Cholera, Typhoid Fever Usually by housefly: fecal contamination of food and water –iv) Sleeping sickness (Africa) A bite from Tsetse fly: protozoa Trypanosoma brucei

22. 3) POLLINATOR : for plants Honey bee Halictid bee

23. 4) Food source for animals/human 5) Decomposers (dung beetle, flies etc.)

24. 6) Bioindicator of stream health –Dragonfly spp 7) Biotic indicator for Forensic Entomology –Some flies, spp. colonizing human corpse 8) Production –Honey & Wax (Apis mellifera) –Silk (silkworm (Bombyx mori) –Cochneal (red dye) (Scale insect) –Shellac (Scale insect)

25. 9) Medical purposes –Maggots (Diabetic patient):"blow flies (Calliphoridae) –Anticoagulant (Black flies) : keep laboratory blood specimens from clotting