1. Culture and Community

2. Discussion Questions What social groups are you a part of? What are some beliefs that you think are characteristic of your group? What are some behaviors/practices that you think are characteristic of your group?

3. One Definition of Culture System of rules that a group follows –Attitudes, values, beliefs, practices –Dynamic –Shared

4. Today’s Multicultural Classroom The Melting Pot Cultural deficit model Multicultural education alternatives

5. Is There Such a Thing As Race? Biologically? Socially?

6. What Do We Mean by Ethnicity? Groups that have a common nationality, culture, or language Not as stable as we think Heterogeneity Alternative labels available and varied meanings Multi-ethnic individuals

7. Three Aspects of Ethnicity Among Minority Groups Culture Ethnic identity Minority status

8. Achievement Gap Lower academic performance of African-American and Latino students The difference begins early in elementary school

9. Reasons for Gap: Biological? No evidence –Race is not a biological category –Use of IQ test  cultural bias –Does not account for historical fluctuations

10. Cultural Differences? Practices Beliefs and values Oppositional peer culture

11. Being Part of Stigmatized Group? Accounts for historical fluctuations Social inequalities Perception of these inequalities

12. Inequality Prejudice Stereotypes Discrimination Resources Tracking Teacher expectations

13. Perception of Inequality Perception of discrimination Self-fulfilling prophecy Stereotype threat –Short-Term Effects: Test Performance –Long-Term Effects: Disidentification

14. Social Class & School Achievement SES  wealth, power, and prestige Positive correlation: SES & achievement Related influences: –Poor health care –Low expectations –Tracking –Learned helplessness –Peer influences –Childrearing styles –Home environment and resources

15. Gender Differences in the Classroom

16. Gender Role Identity Gender versus sex Androgynous Gender schemas Gender-role stereotyping Gender bias in the curriculum Sex discrimination in schools

17. Bilingualism Two types Learn 2 languages at same time –Advantages Second language acquisition at later point –May be more difficult

18. Bilingual Education Submersion Immersion programs –Sheltered English Transitional bilingual education programs Maintenance or developmental bilingual programs Dual-language immersion

19. Goals for Cultural Compatibility Eliminate: –Racism –Sexism –Prejudice Incorporate: –Equal educational opportunities –Culturally friendly teaching strategies

20. Teaching Strategies Socialization Organization Learning Styles Sociolinguistics Culturally Relevant Pedagogy