1. Marine Food Chains/Webs Energy from primary production is transferred up the trophic chain Each step is inefficient (~90% energy is lost) Shorter chains are more efficient at producing apex predators

2. Bottom Up Control on the Marine Food Webs Primary Secondary Production Phytoplankton h CO 2 O2O2 PlantsNUTS Food Web

5. Marine Food Chains/Webs Energy from primary production is transferred up the trophic chain Each step is inefficient (~90% energy is lost) Shorter chains are more efficient at producing apex predators

6. Primary Production by Biome Ryther (1969) Science

8. Primary Production by Biome Ryther (1969) Science

9. Marine Food Chains/Webs Open ocean = 90% area & most of the NPP but little fish production Coastal ocean = 9.9% area & 20% of the global NPP but ½ of the fish production Upwelling systems = 0.1% area & little NPP but ½ fish production

12. CalCoFI Zooplankton Sampling

13. Dudley Chelton [OSU] CalCoFI Zooplankton

14. Seasonal Zooplankton Zoo Winds

15. Seasonal Zooplankton Zoo Winds

16. CalCoFI Zooplankton Highest in the tongue of CA Current

17. The Upwelling Conveyor Belt Highest NUTS High NUTSLow NUTS High ChlLow ChlLower Chl High ZooLow ZooLower Zoo Sinking POM

18. CalCoFI Zooplankton Corresponds to low salinity waters from north

19. CalCoFI Zooplankton Highest in the tongue of CA Current

20. The Upwelling Conveyor Belt Highest NUTS High NUTSLow NUTS High ChlLow ChlLower Chl High ZooLow ZooLower Zoo Sinking POM

21. CalCoFI Zooplankton Hi Zoo ’ s = Low Temp ENSO connection All in pre-1977

22. CalCoFI Zooplankton 70% Decline in 1970 ’ s

23. The 1977 Regime Shift McGowan et al, 1998: Climate-Ocean Variability and Ecosystem Response in the Northeast Pacific, Science

24. Cool vs. Warm Water Species T. Spinifera = cool water N. Simplex = warm

25. Cool water species – gone during ENSO

30. Zooplankton in CA Current Zooplankton follow climatic changes both ENSO and PDO are seen Long term zoo distribution consistent with upwelling conveyor & advection from N Pac Evidence of species switching is also observed