1. Introduction to Psychology Sensation and Perception

2. Perception Aoccdrinig to a rscheearch sudty at Cmabrigde Uinervtisy, it deosn’t mttaer in what oredr the ltteers in a word are; the olny iprmoetnt tihng is that the frist and lsat ltteer be at the rghit pclae. The rset can be a toatls mses and you can sitll, raed it wouthit mcuh porblem. Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe.

3. Psychophysics Sensation is the stimulation of sense organs Perception is the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.

4. Thresholds Sensory receptors are tuned to a particular form of energy –Auditory receptors in the ear code for sound pressure changes, not for light Sensory systems require a minimum amount of energy for activation (absolute threshold) –Just-noticeable difference (JND): The minimum difference in stimulation that is just noticeable Weber noted that the JND is a fraction of the original stimulus intensity: the fraction is different for different senses

5. The Visual System The eye detects electromagnetic radiation (light) –Vision is functional Allows for detection of movement (predator or prey?) Allows for detection of color (ripe or spoiled?) Light detection is useful because: Light travels rapidly (no delay, unlike hearing) Light travels in straight lines (no distortion) Light interacts with the surfaces of objects in the environment (is reflected or absorbed)

6. Electromagnetic Spectrum

7. Details of the Human Eye

8. Transduction of Light Light travels through the retina to impinge on photoreceptors at the back of the eye –Light bleaches a pigment contained within the photoreceptors: Bleaching leads to a graded receptor potential that eventually produces an action potential in the ganglion cell –Two types of photoreceptors Cones: found in center of retina (fovea) and are sensitive to fine detail and color Rods: found in periphery of retina and are sensitive to movement but not fine detail

9. Visual Pathways in Brain: “Where” versus “What”

10. Perception of Color Color is a psychological perception –Three dimensions of color: Hue is the apparent color of an object (blue) Brightness is the intensity of a color Saturation is the purity of the color –Three different types of cones are found in the eye Each is sensitive to different wavelengths of light –S-cones: blue –M-cones: green –L-cones: red

11. Color Vision Theories Young-Helmholtz: –Color is explained by differential activation of 3 color elements in eye Could not account for negative color afterimages Hering: Opponent-Process Theory –Colors are derived from activity of 3 antagonistic systems Black-white Red-green Blue-yellow

12. Negative Color Afterimages Stare at the globe for 10 seconds and then look away at a white surface

13. Sound Sound waves are vibrations of molecules that travel through air. Amplitude - decibels Wavelength - frequency (cps or hertz) Purity - timbre

14. The Auditory System External ear – pinna, eardrum Middle ear – ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup) Inner ear – cochlea basilar membrane –hair cells

15. Taste: the Gustatory System Taste buds Primary tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty Perception of flavor Papillae: circumvallate, foliate, & fungiform

16. Smell: the Olfactory System Smell: chemical substances dissolved in mucus Olfactory cilia Olfactory nerves Olfactory bulb

17. Skin Senses Receptors are localized within the skin to detect physical stimuli in the outside world Three classes of skin receptors: –Touch: physical contact of objects with the skin –Temperature of objects –Pain: destruction of skin tissue

18. Pain Pain is a source of information that relates to tissue destruction –Force –Heat –Chemical Pain is a adaptive to a degree (motivates behaviors to terminate the source of the pain) Pain is influenced by –Cultural beliefs –Emotional states –Exogenous drugs (opiates) –Internal transmitters (endorphins)