1. Amendments 11-27

2. 11 th – Judicial limits (1795) “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” “The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.” Partial sovereign immunity - Protects states from certain types of legal liability (from citizens of other states and countries) revised Article 3 section 2. Partial sovereign immunity - Protects states from certain types of legal liability (from citizens of other states and countries) revised Article 3 section 2. Citizens of the states can sue their own states if a federal law is violated and the state agrees to it. Citizens of the states can sue their own states if a federal law is violated and the state agrees to it.

3. 12 th (1804) Revised Electoral College Revised Electoral College Pres and VP have separate elections Pres and VP have separate elections Suggests that both candidates should be from different states Suggests that both candidates should be from different states If no candidate gets majority (270) for pres. the House decides from top 3 “vote getters”; each state delegation gets one vote If no candidate gets majority (270) for pres. the House decides from top 3 “vote getters”; each state delegation gets one vote If no VP candidate gets majority the Senate decides from top 2 candidates If no VP candidate gets majority the Senate decides from top 2 candidates VP candidate must be eligible for president (35, natural born citizen, etc) VP candidate must be eligible for president (35, natural born citizen, etc)

4. 13 th ( 1865) Ends slavery and other forms of servitude Ends slavery and other forms of servitude Does not apply to community service punishment, the draft, or taxation Does not apply to community service punishment, the draft, or taxation

5. ******14 th ( 1868)****** States can’t deny a citizen’s privileges and immunities States can’t deny a citizen’s privileges and immunities States can’t deny citizens due process (rights of the accused protected from abuses by state and local gov’ts) States can’t deny citizens due process (rights of the accused protected from abuses by state and local gov’ts) States can’t deny equal protection under the law to all its citizens States can’t deny equal protection under the law to all its citizens These clauses have been referenced in many civil liberties and civil rights cases against state and local governments as well as the power behind US laws such as Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Americans with Disability Act 1990. These clauses have been referenced in many civil liberties and civil rights cases against state and local governments as well as the power behind US laws such as Civil Rights Act 1964 and the Americans with Disability Act 1990.

6. ******14 th ( 1868)****** Slavery References Citizenship clause Gave former slaves and naturalized citizens the rights of other US citizens (Not Native Americans until a law was passed in 1924) overturned Dred Scott v Sanford case Citizenship clause Gave former slaves and naturalized citizens the rights of other US citizens (Not Native Americans until a law was passed in 1924) overturned Dred Scott v Sanford case Ended 3/5 compromise for House Rep. Ended 3/5 compromise for House Rep.

7. ******14 th ( 1868)****** Confederate soldiers and political officer holders were barred from serving in US and state offices (unless a 2/3 vote permitted it) Confederate soldiers and political officer holders were barred from serving in US and state offices (unless a 2/3 vote permitted it) US will not absorb the debts of the former Confederacy or slave owners. US will not absorb the debts of the former Confederacy or slave owners.

8. 15 th (1870) States can’t deny a person’s (male) right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. States can’t deny a person’s (male) right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. National gov’t can enforce this with appropriate legislation (ex – Voting Rights Act of 1965) National gov’t can enforce this with appropriate legislation (ex – Voting Rights Act of 1965)

9. 16 th (1913) Created a standard federal income tax based on individual citizen’s income. Created a standard federal income tax based on individual citizen’s income. Prior to this national gov’t got money from tariffs (tax on imports/exports) Prior to this national gov’t got money from tariffs (tax on imports/exports) Expanded the size and scope of the national government because it created more money for the nat’l gov’t. Expanded the size and scope of the national government because it created more money for the nat’l gov’t. Some people say it violates the “rule of apportionment” in Article I which requires states to be taxed based on population rather than income. Some people say it violates the “rule of apportionment” in Article I which requires states to be taxed based on population rather than income.

10. 17 th (1913) Direct election of US Senators by people of the state rather than state legislatures. Direct election of US Senators by people of the state rather than state legislatures.

11. 18 (1919) Prohibition of alcohol Prohibition of alcohol

12. 19 (1920) Women can vote Women can vote Anthony (standing) with Elizabeth Cady Stanton

13. 20 (1933) Terms of Congress and President change Terms of Congress and President change Went from March to January to shorten the lame duck period Went from March to January to shorten the lame duck period

14. 21 (1933) Repeal Prohibition Repeal Prohibition Only one ratified by the people instead of state legislatures Only one ratified by the people instead of state legislatures

15. 22 (1951) 2 term limit for president 2 term limit for president Created because of FDR Created because of FDR Based on the wording a person can still serve 10 years if they take over a president less than halfway through that term then get elected to their own two terms. Based on the wording a person can still serve 10 years if they take over a president less than halfway through that term then get elected to their own two terms.

16. 23 (1961) DC can have electoral college votes for president (3 votes currently) DC can have electoral college votes for president (3 votes currently) Side note on DC – Residents of DC only have non voting representation in the House

17. 24 (1964) No poll tax (people shouldn’t pay to vote) No poll tax (people shouldn’t pay to vote) Poll taxes were created by southern states to block African-Americans from voting by asking them to pay a voting fee. Poll taxes were created by southern states to block African-Americans from voting by asking them to pay a voting fee.

18. 25 (1967) Line of succession for president clarified Line of succession for president clarified After Kennedy’s assassination After Kennedy’s assassination 8 deaths of presidents in office (Kennedy*, FDR, Harding, McKinley*, Garfield*, Lincoln*, Taylor, Harrison) and 1 resignation (Nixon) 8 deaths of presidents in office (Kennedy*, FDR, Harding, McKinley*, Garfield*, Lincoln*, Taylor, Harrison) and 1 resignation (Nixon) * assassinated * assassinated That’s a 9/43 chance or about a 20% chance. That’s a 9/43 chance or about a 20% chance.

19. Assassination Attempts Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt Harry Truman Harry Truman Richard Nixon Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan Ronald Reagan Bill Clinton Bill Clinton George W. Bush George W. Bush

20. 26 (1971) 18 year-olds and up could vote 18 year-olds and up could vote Amendments to Voting Rights Act in 1970 put voting age to 18 but Supreme Court said this provision could only apply to federal elections initially. Amendments to Voting Rights Act in 1970 put voting age to 18 but Supreme Court said this provision could only apply to federal elections initially. This constitutional amendment was passed to allow 18 and up the right to vote in state and federal elections. This constitutional amendment was passed to allow 18 and up the right to vote in state and federal elections. Public pressure gained momentum to pass this because 18-20 year-olds were dying in Vietnam and they couldn’t vote. Public pressure gained momentum to pass this because 18-20 year-olds were dying in Vietnam and they couldn’t vote.

21. 27 (1992) If Congress gives itself a raise an election must take place before the raise can be given to Congress members If Congress gives itself a raise an election must take place before the raise can be given to Congress members Originally proposed with Bill of Rights in 1789. Originally proposed with Bill of Rights in 1789.

22. More important amendments 12,13,14*,15,16,17,19, 22, 23, 24, 26 12,13,14*,15,16,17,19, 22, 23, 24, 26