1. M ARIO F. T RIOLA E IGHTH E DITION E LEMENTARY S TATISTICS Section 2-3 Pictures of Data

2. Pictures of Data depict the nature or shape of the data distribution Histogram a bar graph in which the horizontal scale represents classes and the vertical scale represents frequencies

3. Figure 2-2 Histogram of Qwerty Word Ratings 0 - 220 3 - 514 6 - 815 9 - 11 2 12 - 14 1 Rating Frequency

4. Relative Frequency Histogram of Qwerty Word Ratings Figure 2-3 0 - 238.5% 3 - 526.9% 6 - 828.8% 9 - 11 3.8% 12 - 14 1.9% Rating Relative Frequency

5. Histogram and Relative Frequency Histogram Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3

7. Frequency Polygons A frequency polygon is created by joining class midpoints of each class of a histogram by line segments. To complete the polygon, assume a class interval with zero frequency before the first class interval. Connect that point with the next class’s midpoint, and then connect all class midpoints. Assume a class interval with zero frequency after the last class interval.

8. Frequency Polygons

9. Ogive (called “o-jive”) An ogive is a graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution. It shows how many of values of the data are below a certain boundary.

10. Figure 2-5 Ogive

11. Dot Plot A dot chart or dot plot is a chart that is made up of a group of data points plotted on a simple scale. These plots are suitable for small to moderate sized data sets, and can highlight gaps and outliers. Gaps

12. Figure 2-6 Dot Plot

13. Stem and Leaf Plots Stem-and-leaf plots are a method for showing the frequency with which certain values occur. To construct a stem plot:  Sort data points in ascending order  The leaf will contain the last digit of the number, and the stem will contain all other digits.

14. Stem and Leaf Plots

15. Stem-and Leaf Plot Raw Data (Test Grades) 67 72 85 75 89 89 88 90 99 100 StemLeaves 6 7 8 9 10 7 2 5 5 8 9 9 0 9 0

16. Pareto Chart A Pareto chart is a bar graph that helps identify which parts of a data set occur most frequently, and it puts those parts first. It shows, in descending order and from left to right, the frequency of events being studied.

18. Pareto Chart Figure 2-7 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 40,000 45,000 0 Motor Vehicle Falls Poison Drowning Fire Ingestion of food or object Firearms Frequency Accidental Deaths by Type

19. Pie Chart Figure 2-8 Firearms (1400. 1.9%) Ingestion of food or object (2900. 3.9% Fire (4200. 5.6%) Drowning (4600. 6.1%) Poison (6400. 8.5%) Falls (12,200. 16.2%) Motor vehicle (43,500. 57.8%) Accidental Deaths by Type

20. Scatter Diagram 0 0.0 0.5 1.01.5 10 20 NICOTINE TAR

21. Figure 2-9 Deaths in British Military Hospitals During the Crimean War

22.  Boxplots (textbook section 2-7)  Pictographs  Pattern of data over time Other Graphs