1. Glass Group 6 Bungato Enriquez Lapa Magtalas Mancilla Necessario Posadas Tamara

2. How it started… Glass was first manufactured in open pits in ca. 3000 B.C. until the blowpipe was invented in ca. 50 B.C. Nowadays, we also use molds and machines.

3. Characteristics of glass It is brittle. Discoloration signifies wear. Can be formed either with molds or blowing/manipulation. It is non-conductive. It can be either transparent, translucent or opaque. It’s chemical and physical properties remain unchanged after heat-treatment.

4. Production While pure silica can be made into glass for special applications other substances are added to common glass to simplify processing (ex. Sodium Carbonate in soda-lime glass). As well as soda and lime, most common glass has other ingredients added to change its properties (ex. Lead, Boron, Iron & Barium). Besides the chemicals mentioned, in some furnaces recycled glass ("cullet") is added, originating from the same factory or other sources. Cullet leads to savings not only in the raw materials, but also in the energy consumption of the glass furnace.

5. Production Following the glass batch preparation and mixing the raw materials are transported to the furnace.glass batch After melting, homogenization and refining (removal of bubbles) the glass is formed (ex. Container glass for common bottles and jars is formed by blowing and pressing methods.).formedblowing and pressing Once the desired form is obtained, glass is usually annealed for the removal of stresses.annealed Various surface treatment techniques, coatings, or lamination may follow to improve the chemical durability, strength, or optical properties. lamination Glass polymerization is a technique that can be used to incorporate additives that modify the properties of glass that would otherwise be destroyed during high temperature preparation.polymerization

6. Application Ordinary glass is prevalent due to its transparency to visible light.visible light Laboratory equipment are often made of borosilicate glass for its low coefficient of thermal expansion, giving greater resistance to thermal shock and greater accuracy in measurements. For high-temperature applications, quartz glass is used, although it is very difficult to work. Laboratory equipmentborosilicate glasscoefficient of thermal expansionthermal shockquartz glass Glass is commonly used in buildings as transparent windows, internal glazed partitions, and as architectural features. It is also possible to use glass as a structural material, for example, in beams and columns, as well as in the form of "fins" for wind reinforcement, which are visible in many glass frontages like large shop windows.

7. Application However, glass cannot carry heavy loads because it’s brittle and has a tendency to shatter on impact. Glass can also be used for insulation (ex. Fiberglass & Foamed glass.) Some glass (ex. SiO 2 glass) can absorb UV rays. SiO 2 glass Glass mirrors, lenses or prisms. Glass can also be manipu- lated into art-forms (ex. Glass blowing, glass molding, etc.).

8. Types of Glass Sheet GlassEnergy Efficient Glass Self Cleaning Glass Float Glass

9. Types of Glass Patterned GlassToughened Glass Laminated Glass Wired Glass

10. Types of Glass Mirrors Picture Frame Glass