1. Role of ENSDF in Nuclear Physics Research Filip G. Kondev Nuclear Engineering Division IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008 kondev@anl.gov  brief introduction  value of ENSDF to Nuclear Physics research  value of ENSDF to various applications will give many examples … Supported by the Office of Nuclear Physics, Office of Science, U.S. DOE Outline

2. 2 ~3000 ~3000 the knowledge is very limited! ~6000 nuclei are predicted to exist

3. 3 Remarks on Modern Nuclear Physics Nuclear Physics Is Still a Big Challenge how nucleon-nucleon interactions build to create the mean field - how single-particle motions build collective effects like pairing, vibrations and shapes - how fundamental properties of nuclei evolve far from the line of stability Nuclear Physics Is Important intellectually, astrophysics, energy production & security It is an Interesting Time in Nuclear Physics with new (RIB) facilities available (some just around the corner) we have a great chance to make major contributions to the knowledge; by compiling & evaluating nuclear data we assist scientific discoveries, support various applications and preserve the knowledge for future generations IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

4. 4 Nuclear Structure Data Evaluation associated with nuclear structure databases – complex nuclear level schemes and tables of numerical values, which quantify fundamental nuclear structure information, such as level energies, quantum numbers, lifetimes, decay modes, and other associated properties. Nuclear Data Evaluation network activity service to various communities databases are not only at the core of basic nuclear structure and nuclear astrophysics research, but they are also relevant to many applied technologies, including nuclear energy production, reactor design and safety, medical diagnostic and radiotherapy, health physics, environmental research and monitoring, safeguards, material analysis, etc. Today, far larger and more complex databases are urgently needed in many fields! Nuclear Physics perhaps has one of the best! IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

5. 5 Nuclear Physics Databases & Services ENSDF database plays a seminal role in scientific discoveries & many applications ENSDF is the only Nuclear Structure database that is updated continuously – contains information for ALL nuclei and ALL nuclear level properties & radiations – currently contributed by members of the Nuclear Structure and Decay Data Network, under auspices of IAEA. It is maintained by NNDC and the NSDD role is indispensible! No viable alternative exists in the world! MIRD RADWARE Monte-Carlo Codes MCNP, GEANT, EGS4 ORIGEN, CINDER90 NUBASE RIPL ORTEC & CANBERRA ENSDF Applications ENDF, JEFF, JENDL … Simulations Basic NP Research RNAL PGAA NuDat astrophysics IE IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

6. 6 J=68 (SD 152 Dy)? 130 Ag-21 n from 109 Ag 169 Au-28 n from 197 Au Ex=36 MeV ( 149 Gd) from ~3000 nuclei known 785 nuclei with only 1 level 1101 nuclei with no  known 40 Ca – 578 levels 53 Mn – 1319  rays Z=118 & A=294 E6 in decay of the 19/2- (2.5 min) isomer in 53 Fe

7. 7 What should a good database looks like?  Comprehensive: all related quantities should be included, together with estimates of their uncertainties  Reliable: data should be correctly represented  Complete: all available data should be included  Up-to-Date: consequences of new measurements should appear promptly  Accessible: data should be easily available in a user-defined format IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

8. 8 What takes to do a good ENSDF evaluation? it is a time consuming effort!  critical reading of all published (and sometime unpublished) work on a particular nuclide – working with the authors when possible  compile the results in appropriate formats - prepare individual data sets  critical review - recommends best values for a range of nuclear properties (not simply averaging numbers!) a number of computer codes are applied to check the data for consistency or to deduce some quantities, e.g. ICC, BXL, log ft, etc. the human factor is very important – it has to be contributed by experts in the field  peer-review process – completeness & quality!  publication in Nuclear Data Sheets (and dissemination on the Web) IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

9. 9 What is the value of evaluated data?  invaluable resources to NP research community – preparation of experiments, data analysis & publication of the new results; R&D activities  maintenance of well-defined data archives for future generations – databases benefit next-generation experiments by intercepting data that would otherwise be lost  interplay between nuclear reactions and decay data – beneficial when exploring the limits of stability  significant impact of recommended data on developing nuclear theories  assists in resolution of contradictory results  identifies requirements and stimulates new measurements  benefits in applied areas - nuclear engineering (energy & security), nuclear medicine, analytical and environmental sciences, etc. IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

10. 10  Physical Review Letters  Physical Review C  Zeitschrift fur Physik A  Physics Reports  Int. Journal of Modern Physics E  Nuclear Physics A  Impressive, but incorrect a b Resolve differences between contradictory results IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

11. 11 a b Data evaluation is not just averaging numbers! The human factor is very important! Resolve differences between contradictory results IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

12. 12 Protons Challenges away from the line of stability What was believed to be in 177 Yb is actually an excited structure in the neighboring 175 Yb isotope 177 175 178 50 100150 Neutrons Proton drip line Neutron drip line 100 50 Several publications in Phys. Rev. C IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008 F.G. Kondev, Nuclear Data Sheets v. 98 (2003) 801

13. 13 Papers that are correct! IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

14. 14 … a paper that was not so correct … From: Balraj Singh [ndgroup@univmail.cis.mcmaster.ca] Sent: Thursday, May 12, 2005 5:52 PM Hi Filip: … About 174Yb: We have compiled your paper for XUNDL and will send it to BNL today. There is one curious thing about the 830- microsecond isomer. In the literature (ENSDF and 1967Bo08: NP A96, 561) value of 830 corresponded to half-life rather than mean-life. In your paper it is being referred as mean-life everywhere, including in table III where BEL's are deduced. Also in table III, for 628 gamma from this isomer, I seem to get BE2 a factor of 10 higher than your value using 830 as mean-life. Could you please check these points and let me know what you think. Thanks, Balraj IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

15. 15  value to young scientists and students and reviewers for scientific journals contain ALL nuclear structure information from different reactions & decays for ALL nuclei – provide the “best” values in the “Adopted levels & gammas” for a range of nuclear properties  very useful in preparing for experiments, during the experiments, in data analysis and preparation of journal articles – heavily used in literature citations, e.g. Nuclear Data Sheets, TOI, etc. IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008 ENSDF - invaluable resources to NP research community How long it would take a young scientist to go trough 2000 publications?

16. 16 identify & stimulate needs for new measurements 11.4 MeV/nucleon 136 Xe beam on 186 W target; thermal ion source; mass separation 2.7 MeV 3.9 MeV 177 Hf 177 Lu IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

17. 17 Deep Inelastic Experiments at ANL   n n Beam: 136 Xe @ 820 MeV Pulsed beam & Gammasphere at ANL Targets: 175,176 Lu, 174,176 Yb, 186 W, 185,187 Re, 186 W, 190 Os ANL,ANU, UML collaboration – 3 expt. campaigns at ANL 1 Phys. Rev. Lett 2 Phys. Lett. B 2 Phys. Rev. C 1 Eur. Phys. J & more to come! IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

18. 18 Decay of the K  =39/2- isomer in 177 Lu G.D. Dracoulis et al., Phys. Lett. B584 (2004) Incomplete Fusion T.McGoram, ANU T 1/2 =160.44 d IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

19. 19 K-Isomers in deformed nuclei  Horizontal evaluation on K-isomer properties – in collaboration with T. Kibedi & G. Dracoulis (ANU) IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

20. 20 Horizontal Evaluations and Topical Reviews  Log ft values in  -/(EC+b+) decay  Alpha-decay HF from even-even nuclei  Nuclear Moments (  and Q 0 )  Proton Radioactivity Decay Data many other applications oriented … Nuclear Data Sheets v. 97 (2002) 241 IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

21. PGAC Studies of proton-rich nuclei Recoil-decay Tagging Technique IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

22. 22 Interplay between decay and in-beam data 84 Sr+ 92,94,96 Mo IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008 need both the decay & in-beam data! F.G. Kondev et al. Phys. Lett. B528 (2002) 221

23. 23 Review articles …

24. 24 MIRD RADWARE Monte-Carlo Codes MCNP, GEANT, EGS4 ORIGEN, CINDER90 NUBASE RIPL ORTEC & CANBERRA ENSDF Applications ENDF, JEFF, JENDL … Simulations Basic NP Research RNAL PGAA NuDat astrophysics IE IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

25. 25  cross section calculations for NE applications  large network calculations for nuclear astrophysics applications IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

26. 26 Cross sections measurements n_TOF (CERN) Total Absorption Calorimeter A+1 Z a cascade generator (J.L. Taín-IFIC) ) based both on experimental information about the level scheme (ENSDF) of the compound nucleus and statistical models describing the not known part of the nucleus level scheme: level density and transition probabilities for E1,M1 and E2. S n +E n Known level scheme (ENSDF): level energy, transition probabilities, conversion electron coefficients,... Statistical region: described by level density and  -ray strength functions statistical models. Transition probabilities given by: T XL = f XL  (E-E ,I,  ) XL={ E1,M1, E2} 40 BaF 2 crystals (12 pentagonal and 28 hexagonal) with a thickness of 15 cm. It has a nearly 100% efficiency for detecting capture events. 237 Np(n,  )

27. 27 Opportunities RIKEN, TRIUMF, GANIL & CERN GSI & FRIB (planned) a surge of new data can be foreseen in the near future – nuclear structure & reactions involving radioactive nuclei far from the line of stability – all new data need to be promptly compiled, evaluated & disseminated to enhance scientific discoveries and to assist technology applications - development of new evaluation methodologies, strategies & dissemination tools that are tailored to the specific needs of variety of users – archive for future generations The NP community would require even more sophisticated databases that couple Experiments, Theory & Data Evaluation with the modern computer technology the future of Nuclear Science GRETINA (US) & AGATA (EU) ~3000 nuclei yet to be discovered ~3000 nuclei known

28. 28 Conclusions  Nuclear Physics databases, and ENSDF in particular, play a seminal role in basic nuclear physics research & are of vital importance to many applications  It is the right time to join NSDD and to contribute to ENSDF – your expertise and effort would be extremely important and most welcome! I strongly believe that the benefits are mutual!  We (in U.S.) are fortunate to have a strong support from the Office of Nuclear Physics, Office of Science, DOE – support to our EU colleagues from the EU funding agencies is clearly needed & vital – it is a very good investment!!! IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008 “Acquiring new data is pointless unless society actually captures what has been learned and uses the information!” S. Maurer et al., Nature 405 (2000)

29. 29  Many aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle require a detailed knowledge of the energy release, and corresponding heat from the decay of the radioactive nuclides  Advanced fuel applications – assessments of decay heat for short cooling times are performed by means of the microscopic summation method – decay and build-up of FPs – input data: fission yields and decay data Decay Data & NE applications: Decay heat  Short cooling times (less than 3000 s): neutron-rich FP (~1200 nuclides!) are the major heat contributors. Need reliable quantification of the decay data for these nuclides and sound estimates of their uncertainties, as recently specified in a series of IAEA/OECD-NEA- WPEC technical meetings  Accurate FP decay data are also important for other applications: nuclear astrophysics National Security – LLNL cargo inspections (Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. A521 (2004) 608) IAEA Technical Meeting on ENSDF, November 10-11, 2008

30. 30 Insufficient Decay Data  required decay data are incomplete lack of pure, intense FP sources lack of modern detector systems in past   decay studies  JENDL FP (based on ENSDF) - “contaminated” by Gross Beta-decay Theory for ~500 FP (almost half of all FP)!  there are significant differences between various libraries, e.g. JEFF vs. JENDL vs. ENDF “Pandemonium” effect J. C. Hardy et al., Phys. Lett. 71B (1977) 307 J. Katakura et al., JNST, Suppl. 2 (2002) 444  about 50 cases studied using TAGS, but there are also drawbacks  only a handful of cases studied with modern  ray arrays (e.g. GSI, ORNL) “large” Q   large density of levels and more complicated decay schemes – usually low  ray multiplicities, but isomers!