1. Chapter 1: The World of Earth Science

2. Section 1: Branches of Earth Science

3. Geology The study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth and the processes that shape the earth. Geologists specialize in different aspects of earth: – Volcanologists – studies volcanoes – Seismologist – studies earthquakes – Paleontologist – studies fossils

4. Oceanography Scientific study of the sea. Special areas of Oceanography – Physical Oceanographer – Biological Oceanographer – Geological Oceanographer – Chemical Oceanographer

5. Special areas of Oceanography Physical Oceanographer – studies physical features of the ocean such as waves and currents to see how they affect weather patterns and aquatic life. Biological Oceanographer – studies plants and animals that live in the ocean.

6. Special areas of Oceanography Geological Oceanographer – studies and explores the ocean floor for clues to the Earth’s history. Chemical Oceanographer – studies amounts and distributions of natural and human made chemicals in the ocean.

7. Reading Check: Describe four special areas of oceanography?

8. Other Branches of Earth Science Meteorology – the scientific study of the Earth’s atmosphere, especially in relation to weather and climate. Astronomy – the study of the universe. – Astronomers study stars, asteroids, planets, and everything in space.

9. Reading Check: What do astronomers study?

10. Special Branches of Earth Science Environmental Science Ecology Geochemistry Geography Cartography

11. Environmental Science The study of how humans interact with the environment. – Task: to determine how humans affect the environment. Environmental science relies on: geology, life science, chemistry, and physics to help preserve Earth’s resources and to teach others how to use them wisely.

12. Ecology The study of the relationships between organisms and their surroundings. – Ecologist – person who studies a community of organisms and their non-living environment. – They work in fields such as – wildlife management, agriculture, forestry, and conservation.

13. Geochemistry Combines the studies of geology and chemistry. – geochemists – specialize in the chemistry of rocks, minerals, and soil. – Can determine: the economic value of the materials and what the environment was like when the rocks first formed. – Also studies: the distribution and effect of chemicals added to the environment by human activity.

14. Geography/Cartography Physical geographers – studies the surface features of Earth. – Educated in geology, biology, and physics Cartographers – make maps of those features by aerial and satellite photos, and computer mapping systems.

15. Reading Check: What do cartographers do?

16. Section Review: Pg. 11-#’s: 1-7, 9, 11

17. Section 2: Scientific Methods in Earth Science

18. Reading Check: How do scientists learn about the natural world?

19. Scientific Methods Scientific methods – are a series of steps that scientists use to answer questions and solve problems. – No set procedure, may use all steps or just some, may repeat steps, use steps in different order. – Goal of scientific methods: is to come up with reliable answers and solutions. Also used to gain insight into the problems they investigate.

20. Steps to Scientific Method

21. Ask a Question Helps focus the purpose of an investigation. Sample question: What kind of dinosaur did these bones come from?

22. Form a Hypothesis Is a possible explanation or answer to a question that can be tested. Sample hypothesis: based on prior knowledge, these bones came from a dinosaur not yet known to scientists.

23. Test the Hypothesis EXPERIMENT. Controlled experiment – test only one factor, or variable, at a time. – All other variables remain constant. – *If more than one variable is changed scientists cannot easily determine which variable caused the outcome.*

24. Test the Hypothesis Making observations. Collecting data and observe nature when variables cannot be controlled. Sample tests: Took measurements of dinosaur bones, compared measurements with bones from know dinosaurs. Also visited museums and talked with other scientists.

25. Test the Hypothesis Keeping accurate records. Clear, honest, and accurate records of their experiments and observations. Presents findings supported by scientific data. Repeat experiments to verify findings.

26. Analyze the Results Finished testing? Analyze results. Make graphs and tables to organize and summarize data. Sample analysis: Found that bones did not match bones of known dinosaur. Bones were either too large or too different in shape.

27. Reading Check: Why would scientists create graphs and tables of their data?

28. Draw Conclusions Must conclude whether the results supported the hypothesis. If hypothesis is not supported by test-may repeat investigation to check for errors. OR ask new questions and form new hypotheses. Sample conclusion: bones were from unknown dinosaur.

29. Communicate Results Share results and what was learned with others. – Writing reports for scientific journals or give lectures on results. Others evaluate evidence-review experimental procedure, data, and reasoning behind explanations (part of scientific inquiry) Sample of sharing: press conference and scientific journal.

30. Reading Check: Why is it important for the scientific community to review new evidence?

31. Case Closed? Investigation may not be closed. – New evidence may become available – Scientist may change hypothesis based on new evidence – May have more questions based in original evidence Sample questions: What specific dinosaur ate? What environment did it live in? How did it become extinct?

32. Section Review: Pg. 17-#’s: 1-6, 8, 9

33. Section 3: Scientific Models

34. Scientific Models Used to understand the natural world. Explain or analyze an object, system, or concept in more detail. Models – a pattern, plan, representation, or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept.

35. Types of Scientific Models Physical Mathematical Conceptual

36. Physical Model – Looks like the real object. Ex. Model airplanes, cars, and dolls Physical model – model that you can touch.

37. Mathematical Model Simple model – calculate how far a car will go in an hour. Complex model – computers needed to process information. Ex. predicting population growth in the world Mathematical model – made up of mathematical equations and data.

38. Conceptual Model Composed of many hypotheses Each hypothesis is supported through scientific methods. Conceptual model – a system of ideas or a comparison with familiar things to help illustrate or explain an idea. Ex. big bang theory – explanation of the structure of the universe.

39. Reading check: What is the big bang theory?

40. Choosing the Right Model – Explains an observation but also predicts what might happen in the future Theory – explanation that ties together many hypotheses and observations.

41. Climate Models – This type of model is complicated because there are many variables that affect climate. Climate models – used by scientists who study Earth’s atmosphere.

42. Reading check: Why is a climate model complicated?

43. Section Review: Pg. 21-#’s: 1-6, 8, 9

44. Section 4: Measurement and Safety

45. Using the International system of Units (SI) Advantage: global measurement system created for using a standard system of measurement.

46. Reading Check: Why was the International System of Units developed?

47. Length Meter – the basic unit of length in the SI, symbol (m). Ex. Divide 1m into 100 parts, each part equals 1cm. Length – scientists use meters (m) to measure length.

48. Volume Measuring volume – Boxed-shaped object – lXwXh – Irregularly shaped object – measuring the volume of liquid that the object displaces. Using a graduated cylinder Volume – a measure of the size of a body or region in three- dimensional space. Liters (L)

49. Mass Kilogram (kg) or grams (g) are used to describe the mass of an object. Ex. 1000g=1kg Mass – a measure of the amount of matter in an object.

50. Temperature Fahrenheit (degree F) and Celsius (degree C). Temperature – a measure of how hot or cold something is. Thermometer – shows the relationship between degrees (F) and degrees (C).

51. Area Area is measured by the lengthXwidth. – Units – square units – square meters, square centimeters, square kilometers. Area – a measure of the size of a surface or a region.

52. Density Density is measured by the mass/volume. Ex. units – grams per milliliter and grams per cubic centimeter. Density – the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance.

53. Safety Rules Always follow your teachers instruction Before starting any scientific investigation, obtain your teacher’s permission Read the lab procedures completely and carefully before you start Pay attention to safety information and caution statements

54. Reading Check: What should you do before you start a scientific investigation?

55. Section Review: Pg. 25 - #’s: 1-6

56. Chapter Review: Pg. 28 - #’s: 1-14, 16-19