2. Quiz Question What is it that is “equivalent” in the equivalence principle of general relativity? A.Light and matter B.Light and energy C.Velocity and rotation D.Gravity and acceleration E.Momentum and energy divided by c

4. Where does E=mc 2 come from?

7. Hydrogen atoms consist of one electron which is bound to a proton by electromagnetic forces. If I very carefully weigh a hydrogen atom, what will I get? A : The mass of an electron plus the mass of a proton B : Something a little BIGGER than (A) C : Something a little SMALLER than (A) D : Something entirely different from (A) E : A star on my forehead

8. A nuclear power plant generates 10 million Watts of power nonstop for a day. How much less do the fuel rods weigh at the end of the day? A : around 0.000001 grams B : around 0.01 grams C : around 1 gram D : around 1 kg E : around 100 kg

9. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

10. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced.

11. GETTYSBURG ADDRESS It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom - - and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. -- Abraham Lincoln, November 19, 1863

12. Energy of a moving object

13. Kinetic Energy vs. Velocity

14. At the electron accelerator in Cambridge, Mass., the final acceleration stage has the following characteristics: This increase in velocity requires a 186x increase in energy, yet only saves one second off a two hour journey. This increase in velocity requires a 186x increase in energy, yet only saves one second off a two hour journey. Feed electronsElectrons out Velocity0.99986 c0.999999996 c Relativistic Mass60 m 0 11,180 m 0 Relative time for auto trip2 hr1 hr 59 min 59 sec

15. Electron Volts

16. General Relativity – add another postulate

17. Equivalence Principle © Dallin S. Durfee

18. If the scientist on the accelerating spaceship is not in an inertial frame, neither is the scientist on Earth! So how can I do an experiment in a truly inertial frame if I happen to live on earth? Equivalence Principle There is no way to tell if we are on Earth, or on an accelerating space ship F=ma © Dallin S. Durfee

19. Freefalling Frames... © Dallin S. Durfee

20. Gravitational Redshift © Dallin S. Durfee

22. Formulation of Gravitational Redshift

23. Deflection of Light © Dallin S. Durfee

24. Deflection of Light Light “falls” at the same rate as everything else. This is because things don’t really “fall” under gravity, they just follow their non-accelerating world line. © Dallin S. Durfee

25. Black Holes... © Dallin S. Durfee

26. Shift in the Perihelion of Mercury

27. An electron with a velocity of 0.5 c

29. An electron with a kinetic energy equal to its rest energy

31. An electron and a positron annihilate