1. Ocean Migration Motives and mechanisms Jeffrey A. Bennett, Airline Captain (ret.) Graduate Mech. Eng., Loyola University Experienced in ocean travel

2. Skin boat (re-created) Bronze Age

3. Horn of Africa YEMEN 2 ½ miles

4. Technology was driven by necessity and inventiveness

5. A lifelike carving replaced a mummy’s missing toe.

6. Motives for migration that drove technology development Hunger Hunger Population Population Climate Climate Lack of food Lack of food Trade Trade War strife War strife

7. Goths escaping from the Huns by raft

8. Tracking chormozones through time 60,000 50,000 45,000 40,000 35,000 30,000 25,000 20,000 10,000

9. Sea battle between Egyptians and the Sea People

10. Technology, 10,000 BP

11. Technology 300 BP

12. Technology Now

13. A PERUVIAN BALSA THEIR “BOATS” ARE REALLY RAFTS MADE OF REEDS

14. AN ESKIMO UMIAK This boat is structurally similar to the bayak but it has no deck.

15. A PHOENICIAN BIREME An oar and sail driven ship that sailed around Africa 2600 BP

16. These drawings made 40,000 BP have been used to make a boat that looks like … ?

17. The ABORA III A ship that has sailed against wind and ocean currents in the Mediterranean and the on Atlantic!!!

18. Phoenician merchant trading ship - re-creation

20. Figian sailing canoe

21. TANIT SHIPWRECK C. 2750

22. The TOMOL

23. Conclusions Man has traveled on water Man has traveled on water for 70,000 years. for 70,000 years. Evidence: Genetics, artifacts. Evidence: Genetics, artifacts. Record from before ice age. Record from before ice age. Many antique ships found recently. Many antique ships found recently. Past developments ‘rediscovered’. Past developments ‘rediscovered’. Good planning = good sea eating Good planning = good sea eating Floating uses less energy than walking. Floating uses less energy than walking. Early ocean migration was eminently doable. Early ocean migration was eminently doable.

25. BIBLIOGRAPHY for the OCEANS END SLIDE SHOW SELECT VIEW “NORMAL” GRAB BOTTOM OF SCREEN (ABOVE “BOOK“) and PULL UP.

26. A way out of Africa In 70,000 BP In 70,000 BP man was in danger. We know We know via Genetics That he went north and east out of Africa. Maybe from Djibouti to Yemen on reeds or skin floats. Maybe from Djibouti to Yemen on reeds or skin floats.

27. A way out of Africa Archeological evidence of human habitation has similar dates from Middle East and maritime Asian Pacific. Archeological evidence of human habitation has similar dates from Middle East and maritime Asian Pacific. Maybe across the Red Sea on reed floats. Maybe across the Red Sea on reed floats.