1. Subspace Projection Methods for RFI Mitigation in Radio Astronomy Brian Jeffs July 25, 2002

2. References 1.J. Raza, A-J Boonstra and A-J van der Veen, “Spatial Filtering of RF Interference in Radio Astronomy,” IEEE SP Letters, vol. 9, no. 2, Feb. 2002. 2.A. Leshem, A-J van der Veen, “Radio-Astronomical Imaging in the Presence of Strong Radio Interference,” IEEE Trans. On Information Theory, vol. 46, no. 5, Aug. 2000.

3. Correlation Across Array Elements Auxiliary Antenna GLONASS satellite Primary Array

4. The Array Covariance Matrix is the Basis for Synthesis Imaging Elements of R are image frequency domain samples. Earth rotation moves baselines for new R, more frequency samples. Interference effects must be removed from R directly, beamforming to place nulls is not possible since correlations from all array pairs are needed. (b) VLA frequency samples with Earth Rotation (d) VLA frequency sample snapshot

5. Subspace Projection Approach Interference component of R spans a subspace of rank P = number of interferers. a p is array response to p th interferer with power. Find a projection operator orthogonal to R i Use this in imaging. No interferer left!!

6. Methods of computing P If array is calibrated and interference direction known: If ISNR >> 0 dB at feeds and direction unknown: If interference moves, use short-term integration for

7. Problems Interference moves durning integration. Solution: use short-term integartions, short term projections Projection biases signal subspace, Can not invert because P is singular. Solution: use smoothing over short-term integrations to build rank Now

8. Problems (cont.) For high gain antennas, usually ISNR << 0 dB at feed. Poor interference subspace estimate leads to poor interference rejection from projection matrix P. Sometimes the signal is identified as the interferer, and is projected out.

9. Solution to Bad Subspace Estimates: Use Auxiliary Antennas Array consists of high gain “primaries” and low gain “auxiliaries,” perhaps steered to interference, Auxiliary antennas see high ISNR to guide subspace estimation for the primary array. Four different approaches for computing P have been evaluated.

10. 1. Conventional Full Array Subspace Projection Use the full array, including auxiliaries, with no distinction as to antenna type. Compute a truncated projection matrix: Significant performance improvement over using primaries only. Handles weaker interferers.

11. 2. Array Multiple Sidelobe Canceller (MSC) Form an MSC adaptive array processor separately on each primary antenna. This is an “oldie but a goodie.” Low probability of signal capturing the interference subspace.

12. 3. Auxiliary Assisted Subspace Projection Use only the primaries in final estimate: Projection uses only cross correlations between primaries and auxiliaries to strongly emphasize the interferer. Best overall performance.

13. Examples VLA, 1612 MHz with one 3m aux. dish, 200 Jy source with one GLONASS interferer.

14. Examples (cont.) VLA, 1612 MHz with two 3m aux. dishes, 20 Jy source with two GLONASS interferers.

15. Examples (cont.) VLA, 1612 MHz with one 0 dB omni aux., 200 Jy source with one GLONASS interferer.