1. Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling Andrew Benson California Institute of Technology

2. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling2 Advancing Galaxy Formation Codes Why a new code?  Adding in new features (e.g. self-consistent reionization, noninstantaneous recycling, new star formation rules) to existing models can be challenging How?  Create a code which is modular by design, isolating assumptions so that they don't have consequences throughout the code. Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary G ALACTICUS sites.google.com/site/galacticusmodel

3. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling3 Design Features Open source (compiles with GNU compilers) Modular design  Each function can have multiple implementations, selected by input parameter.  “Node” can have arbitrary number of components (e.g. DM halo, disk, spheroid), all with multiple implementations Combination of smooth (ODE) evolution and instantaneous events (e.g. mergers) Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

4. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling4 Design Features Well documented Promotes a standard format for merger tree data  www.ctcp.caltech.edu/galacticus/MergerTreeFileFormat.pdf Parallelized  OpenMP  MPI (soon...)  Currently simple, but allows for expansion Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary Source code Binaries Cloud (Amazon EC2)

5. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling5 External Tools GNU Scientific Library/ FGSL  ODE solver; integration; other numerics FoX library  Read/write XML files FSPS  Population synthesis Cloudy  Cooling times Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

6. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling6 Modularity New implementation of function easily added:  Write a module containing the function  Add directives indicating that this function is for, e.g., disk star formation timescale calculations  Recompile – build system automatically finds this new module and works out how to compile it into the code Modules are self-contained and independent Self-initializing and recursive Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

7. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling7 Node Components Component could be, e.g. disk (exponential) Stores various types of data:  Properties – evolved within ODE system  Data – internal data, not evolved  Histories – records of past/future history (e.g. star formation history) Allows for multiple components of each type Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

8. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling8 Node Components Defining a component:  Set of ODEs giving rates of change of properties (can access properties of other components/nodes as needed)  Responses to events (merging, becoming satellite etc.)  Specify properties to be output Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

9. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling9 Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary Node Evolution Repeatedly walk tree – find nodes that to evolve:  Cannot evolve if have children  Can't evolve beyond their satellites  Limit on timestep  Arbitrary other factors can be included Evolve nodes forward Stops when no more nodes to evolve

10. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling10 Node Evolution All component properties fed into ODE solver Evaluate derivatives – evolve forward in time No need for fixed timesteps or analytic solutions  Makes implementing, for example, Kennicutt- Schmidt law trivial (just add new star formation timescale function) Evolution can be interrupted as needed (e.g. when galaxy merges) Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

11. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling11 Node Evolution Component creation:  Nodes begin with only basic component (mass, time)  If accretion from IGM occurs, stop and create a hot halo component  If cooling occurs, stop and create a disk component  Components can be destroyed as needed also Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

12. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling12 Advantages Modularity makes it highly flexible:  Add new star formation rule in 5 minutes  Change in cooling model confined to few modules which compute cooling time and rate Unified ODE solver makes new features simple:  Timestepping handled automatically  No need for analytic solutions  Implemented noninstantaneous recycling in one afternoon rather than two months! Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

13. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling13 Disadvantages Slower  Wasn't designed for speed, but for simplicity Missing features (planned for addition):  Ram pressure/tidal stripping  Self-consistent reionization  Satellite orbits/disk heating  etc. Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary ICM heating/X-ray emission Multi-level hierarchy Black hole merging timescales/kicks H 2 -based star formation Resolved disks Compton/H 2 cooling Deterministic spins/concentrations ICM heating/X-ray emission Multi-level hierarchy Black hole merging timescales/kicks H 2 -based star formation Resolved disks Compton/H 2 cooling Deterministic spins/concentrations

14. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling14 Current Feature List Components  DM profile [isothermal/ NFW]  Hot halo  Disk [exponential]  Spheroid [Hernquist]  Black holes Tracks mass and spin. Spin from mergers and accretion. Accretion spin-up using Benson & Babul formula Jet power from Benson & Babul also. Tracks mass and spin. Spin from mergers and accretion. Accretion spin-up using Benson & Babul formula Jet power from Benson & Babul also. Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

15. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling15 Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary Physics  Monte-Carlo (PCH method) /N-body merger trees  CIE atomic cooling  Dynamical friction  Star formation/feedback  Galaxy merging  Adiabatic contraction/sizes  Chemical enrichment (instant or non-instant) Current Feature List

16. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling16 Current Feature List Physics (cont.):  Disk instabilities  Black hole merging  AGN feedback  Stellar population synthesis (with arbitrary IMF) Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary

17. 17 December 2010Advancing Galaxy Formation Modeling17 Summary G ALACTICUS sites.google.com/site/galacticusmodel Introduction | Models | Design | Modularity | Components | Evolution | Pros/Cons | Physics | Summary