1. 1 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Standards v. Reality: Levels of Service for Impact Fees October 6, 2005 Henderson, Young & Company graphics by Pacific Rim Resources

2. 2 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company The Issue Standards = benchmarks or goals for level of service Reality = actual level of service Reality rarely = Standard

3. 3 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Some National Sources of Standards ParksNRPA LibraryALA Fire ProtectionNFPA, ISO

4. 4 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Some Other Sources of Standards State laws and rules Local codes, ordinances, and regulations Local master plans or comprehensive plans

5. 5 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Standards v. Reality: 3 Possible Outcomes Reality > Standard Reality = Standard Reality < Standard = Surplus = Equilibrium = Deficiency

6. 6 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Standards v. Reality: Suggested Approaches Reality > Standard Reality = Standard Reality < Standard : Use Standard : Use Reality

7. 7 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Some Issues 1. Standards that are ranges 2. Windfall raises reality 3. Impact fee zones 4. Outcome standards & infrastructure 5. No standards are available

8. 8 October 6, 2005 Henderson Young & Company Some Interesting Experiences  Two standards: adopted v. desired  Standard = reality + committed future  Improvements list to deliver standard  Local funding of state standard