1. Developing An Emotion Corpus Sophia Lee, Hongzhi Xu and Chu-Ren Huang The Hong Kong Polytechnic University March 11, 2014 VariAMU Workshop

2. Introduction Objective Emotion as a pivot event The event-based emotion corpus Ongoing work Conclusion VariAMU Workshop 2

3. Sentiment vs. Emotion Emotions are universal human cognitive states elicited by actual or perceived external events Emotions link cognitive experiences to potential consequences E.g. unwanted circumstances  anger  aggressive behaviors 3 VariAMU Workshop

4. Emotions are treated as pivots linking reported events to potential actions by the experiencer 4 VariAMU Workshop

5. To construct a Chinese event-based corpus To account for the linguistic correlations between pre- events and caused emotions, as well as the correlations between emotions and post-events 5 VariAMU Workshop

6. 9,000 instances of sentences are extracted from the Sinica Corpus based on the Chinese emotion keywords (Lee et al. 2010) Each instance contains the focus sentence with the emotion keyword “ ”, plus the sentence before “ ” and after “ ” 6 VariAMU Workshop

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8. For each annotated emotion, its pre-events and post- events are manually annotated. A pre-event (cause event) refers to the event that triggers or is highly linked with the presence of the corresponding emotions A post-event is an event triggered by the emotion, which shows a clear cause-effect relation The events are usually linguistically expressed by means of verbs, nominalizations, and nominals. Mark the shortest meaningful cause events that are closest to the emotion keywords. 8

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10. Pre-events (81%) tend to occur more frequently than post-events (19%) Pre-events (63%) tend to occur before the emotion keyword while post-events mostly occur after the emotion keyword (85%) Pre-events can be verbal events or nominal events while post-events are all verbal events 10 VariAMU Workshop

11. Pre-events tend to be introduced by a list of linguistics cues (Lee et al. 2012) Prepositions, e.g. wei4 and dui4 Conjunctions, e.g. yin1wei4 and yu2shi4 Epistemic markers, e.g. kan4dao4 and ting1dao4 The types of post-events tend to have a close association with the emotion type 11 VariAMU Workshop

12. To provide a deep linguistic analysis of the links between event structures and emotions Temporal relations between events and emotions To explore how the manual event-annotation and the linguistic analysis would help improve the automatic event and emotion identification Identify events based on emotions Identify (implicit) emotions based on identified events 12 VariAMU Workshop

13. To examine the temporal relation of the events involved in each emotion instance based on Allen’s Interval Algebra For example, is formalized as 13

14. Emotions as pivots underlie our innovative approach towards a linguistic model for event and emotion identification. The event-annotated emotion corpus and the analysis of emotion-event interaction offer rich structured data allowing the development of a theory of emotion as events. 14 VariAMU Workshop