1. Converging Cultures

2. Migration Native American Africa Europe Columbian Exchange

3. Explain why scientists believe that the earliest Americans migrated from Asia. Summarize the role the agricultural revolution played in the development of the first civilizations in the Americas. Describe the early civilizations of MesoAmerica and the early cultures of North America.

4. Time Archeological techniques 1. DNA 2. Radiocarbon dating Era of time Beringia nomads

5. Agricultural revolution 1. Maize 2. Result 3. Civilization MesoAmerican Civilizations 1. Olmec a. 1500-1200 BC b. Art 2. Mayan 3. Toltec 4. Aztec a. Tenochtitlan b. Military power

6. Spread of agricultural technology Hohokam Anasazi 1. “ancient ones” 2. Kivas 3. Pueblos Adena & Hopewell Mississippian

7. How do scientists know who the first Americans were and when and how they came to America? How did the agricultural revolution change the societies of early Americans? How did the agricultural technology of MesoAmerica spread to the North American cultures?

8. Differentiate Native American groups in the West based on their environment. Identify which technologies created by the Far North Indians helped them to adapt to their region. Describe the agricultural techniques of the Woodlands Native Americans.

9. Primary factor in shaping Native American culture is environment Southwest 1. Pueblo people 2. Long taproot 3. Kachina cult Pacific Coast 1. Permanent villages 2. Lumber & fish 3. Pomo Great Plains 1. Sioux 2. Horses 3. “counting coup”

10. Inuit & Aluet Hunting Technologies 1. Harpoon 2. Kayak 3. Dogsled 4. lamps

11. Landscape Languages 1. Algonquian 2. Iroquoian Slash & burn agriculture Dwelling 1. Longhouses 2. Wigwams Wampum Iroquois League 1. Kinship groups 2. Purpose

12. Cherokee Creek 1. Red sticks 2. White sticks

13. How did Native American groups adapt to the environments of the West? How were the Native Americans of the Far North able to live in their harsh environment? How did the Native Americans of the Eastern Woodlands meet their need for food, shelter, and clothing?

14. Analyze the geographical features of West Africa and its impact on the development the continent’s cultures. Describe the culture of early West African kingdoms. Explain the lifestyles of the Forest and Central African peoples. Evaluate the introduction of inter-slavery to the African continent

15. Commodities Sahara 1. Savannah 2. Trade 3. Trans-Sahara travel Islam Gold

16. Location, location, location! Ghana 1. Soninke 2. exhaustion Mali 1. Malinke 2. upper Niger river 3. Mansa Musa and Mansa Sulayman Songhai 1. Sorko 2. middle Niger river 3. Sonni Ali 4. Askiya Muhammed 5. Timbuktu

17. Yoruba and Edo people 1. surplus food 2. Oba 3. Portuguese Central Kingdoms 1. Kongo 2. matrinlineal 3. Zaire River

18. Intra-slavery 1. captured in war 2. upward mobility Islam Gold Sugar 1. climate 2. manual labor 3. man stealing

19. Why were camels important to the growth of trade across the Sahara? Why were the Ghana, Mali, and Songhai empires wealthy and powerful? Why were the Yoruba and Edo able to produce a surplus of food? What was the basis of many Central African societies? Contrast how enslaved Africans were treated by other African tribes and Muslim and European societies.

20. Discuss the impact of the Crusades on Europe’s contact with the Middle East. Explain the transfer of goods between Europe and China and its impact on the global economy. Analyze the impact of the Renaissance on European exploration. Describe Portugal’s role in tracing trade routes to Asia.

21. Crusades 1. Pope Urban II 2. Dark Ages Political system Economic system 1. Nobles 2. Serfs Improving economy 1. 1000 a.d. 2. Innovations 3. Towns Institution of stability and order

22. Bringing Western Europeans into contact with Muslim and Byzantine civilizations of eastern Europe and the Middle East. Middle men Payment Mongol Empire Desire for a new route

23. Motivation Decline of feudalism 1. Trade 2. Towns 3. New social class Renaissance New technologies 1. Astrolabe 2. Lateen sails 3. caravel

24. Henry the Navigator (1419) Bartholomeu Dias (1488) Vasco da Gama (1497)

25. What was feudalism? How did the Crusades help change western European society? What political developments and new technologies made it possible for Europeans to search for a water route to China? How did Henry the Navigator help Portuguese exploration?

26. Describe Viking and Spanish exploration of North America. Summarize Columbus’s journey and their impact on Native Americans and Europeans.

27. Scandinavia Longboats Leif Ericsson

28. Geography (1475) Al-Idrisi “the end of Spain and the beginning of India are not far apart… it is known that this sea is navigable in a few days time with favoring wind.” San Salvador Island Titles Four voyages 1. Santo Domingo 2. “died a hopeless and penniless man”

29. Treaty of Tordesillas 1. Line of demarcation 2. Pope Alexander VI Amerigo Vespucci Juan Ponce de Leon Vasco de Balboa Ferdinand Magellan

30. Crops Animals Technology Disease

31. Who were the first Europeans to explore the Americas? What did Columbus discover on his voyage to the Americas? How was Spain able to officially claim the Americas? What kinds of interchanges were part of the Columbian Exchange?