1. F IRST WEEK OF D EVELOPMENT 2- Implantation

2. O BJECTIVES By the end of this lecture, the student should be able to: Define the term “implantation’. Describe the cleavage and the stage at which implantation occurs. Explain the process of blastocyst formation. Describe the process of ‘implantation’. Define the normal site of implantation. Describe the abnormal sites of implantation (ectopic pregnancy).

3. C LEAVAGE Definition : It is the repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote, resulting into a rapid increase in the number of cells that are called blastomeres. Site: The uterine tube medial to the ampula.

4. Repeated mitotic divisions of the zygote. Begins about 30 hours after fertilization. There is rapid increase in the number of cells. The cells ( blastomeres ) become smaller with each division. Normally occurs as the zygote passes along the uterine tube to the uterus. During cleavage, zygote is within the zona pellucida.

7. S TAGES OF CLEAVAGE After 8-cell stage, the cells become compactly arranged compaction 12-16 cell stage is called MORULA. It is formed about 3 days after fertilization and enters the uterine cavity.

8. Blastocyst formation: As the morula reaches the uterine cavity, fluid from the uterine cavity penetrates the zona pellucida and accumulates in the inter-cellular spaces of the inner cell mass. -A single cavity is formed and called blastocele.

9. -The morula after the formation of blastocele is called blastocyst. -The blastocyst consists of inner cell mass (it will form the future embryo; so it is called embryoblasts) and outer cell mass (future trophoblast & placenta). The zona pellucida disappears allowing for implantation.

10. Blastocyst takes its nourishment from uterine secretions. It enlarges in size. It is ready to get attached and implanted to the uterine wall.

11. At this stage, the conceptus is called Blastocyst. It has two poles: embryonic & abembryonic.. Embryonic pole Abembryonic pole

12. Clinical application: Embryonic stem cells (ES cells) are derived from the inner cell mass. These cells can give any type of tissue. So they are called pluripotent cells.

13. I MPLANTATION Definition: Penetration of the blastocyst into the superficial (compact) layer of the endometrium. The endometrium after implantation is called decidua. Time: Implantation occurs at the 6th day after fertilization and is completed about the 11th day.

14. 6 days after fertilization:  Blastocyst attaches to the endometrial epithelium, usually adjacent to the embryonic pole.

15.  Trophoblast proliferates rapidly and differentiates into two layers:  Inner cellular cytotrophoblast, and  Outer mass of syncytiotrophoblast (multinucleated protoplasm with no cell boundaries).  Finger like processes of syncytiotrophoblast extend through the endometrium and invade the endometrial connective tissue.

17. By the end of 7 th day, the blastocyst gets implanted in the superficial compact layer of the endometrium and derives its nourishment from the eroded endometrium.

18. The blastocyst gradually embed deeper in the endometrium and the defect in the endometrial epithelium is filled by closing plug (day 10).

19. The defect gradually disappear as the endometrial epithelium is repaired (day 12 & 13) Blood filled lacunae appear in syncytiotrophoblast which filled with maternal blood, establishing primitive uteroplacental circulation.

20. Site of Implantation : The normal site is the endometrium of the posterior wall of the fundus of the uterus in or near the middle line.  Implantation in the lower segment leads to placenta praevia

21. E XTRAUTERINE : LEADING TO ECTOPIC PREGNANCIES : 1- FALLOPIAN TUBE 2- OVARY 3- ABDOMEN 4- CERVICAL

22. E CTOPIC P REGNANCY

23. T UBAL E CTOPIC P REGNANCY

24. T HANK U