1. Inorganic Scintillators Yeongduk Kim Sejong University 2004. 6. 18

2. Scintillation Detectors Inorganic crystals are used for dark matter search, double beta decay, sattellite gamma measurements, accelerator calorimeters, and neutrino physics. The type of nuclei in crystal is important depending on physics.

3. Inorganic scintilltors –Photons are produced by recombination of “exciton” –Exciton is “bound” state of electron and hole Pure crystal And Doped crystal

4. Scintillation mechanism (very complex) Still no first principle solution : Refer to Birk’s & “ physical processes in inorganic scintillators”, P.A. Rodnyi Particle excite a valence band electron to produce electron and hole –Recombination to produce an exciton –Capture by trap –Independent diffusion  Exciton diffuse in the lattice and –Capture by luminescence center  excitation energy transferred to luminescence center  Thermal equilibrium (part of energy go to phonons) –Capture by lattice luminescence center –Capture by a quenching center

5. Emission spectra of inorganic scintillator Pure crystal : large overlap between absorption spectra and emission spectra Doped crystal : energy of luminescence center < excitation energy  Emission spectra is more “red”, so overlap is small.  Self transparent.

7. Temperature dependence of inorganic scintillator Generally light output increases for non-doped scintillator as temperature decreases

8. Doping effects Light output light output of inorganic scintillator grows as doping concentration but it saturates.

9. Light collection in scintillator Produced lights(photons) should be collected efficiently L : attenuation length n : refractive index

10. Photosensor Photons from scintillator are measured photosensor.

11. photomultiplier 3 currents flows thru PMT “Signal” current “Base” current “Dark” current Q : -2000V 를 걸어준 10 dynode 를 가지는 PMT 가 cathode 와 1 st dynode, 그리고 각 dynode 사이에 같은 300kΩ 의 저항열로 되는 base 를 연결했을때, PMT 에서 발생 하는 열은 몇 Watt 인가 ? !!! You have to check the current when you supply HV to PMT !!!

12. Quantum efficiency Typically < 30%, have to match the emission lights from scintillator Radiant cathode sensitivity

13. Use of pmt PMT entrance window is important For Cherenkov detector, the Quartz(fused silica) window preferable Liquid Xe : MaF 2

14. Example of intermediate size scintillator spectrum with 2 different energy gamma source Q : can you think over the origin of each peaks ?

15. Atomic effects – 광전효과는 간단하지 않다. X-ray excape peak : when photoelectric absorption usually from K-shell electrons.  x-ray emission from L shell If this x-ray escape from the detector, E measured =E gamma -E x-ray Q3 : Can you see the escape peak with Cs-137 source(662 keV) ?

16. Where to buy scintillating crystal ? Most inorganic scintillators are imported. Major crystal companies 1)Amcrys-H www.amcrys-h.com Russiawww.amcrys-h.com 2)Crystal GmBh www.crystal-gmbh.com Germanywww.crystal-gmbh.com 3)Hilger Crystals www.hilger-crystals.co.uk UKwww.hilger-crystals.co.uk 4)STCRI www.isc.kharkov.com/STCRI Russiawww.isc.kharkov.com/STCRI 5)Crismatec www.bicron.com Francewww.bicron.com 6)Shanghai www.siccas.com Chinawww.siccas.com Crystal growing method 1)Chochralski : melted and uplifted as rotating 2)Bridgmann : sealed in quarz tube

17. How to prepare detector Wrapping is important : tyvek, aluminized foil, teflon 1)Generally Teflon is the best reflector. Surface : polishing or sanding 1)Polishing 이 항상 좋은것은 아니다.

18. Practice with scintillators Decay time measurement with digital oscilloscope(DSO) Try to utilize DSO as much as possible in crystal tests. Tests on CsI(Tl), GSO crystals.