1. Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD - http://www.ndltd.org) 15th Digital Library Workshop (DLW15) - Nara, Japan July 19, 1999 Edward A. Fox fox@vt.edu CC CS DLRL Internet TIC Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA

2. PIs: Ed Fox - Computer Science (fox@vt.edu) John Eaton - Graduate School (eaton@vt.edu) Gail McMillan - Library (gailmac@vt.edu) (with staff in Library, Grad School, Info. Systems) GRAs (CS): Constantinos Phanouriou, Paul Mather ETD Advisory Committee: Representatives from all colleges on campus VT’s ETD Project Team (Electronic Theses and Dissertations)

3. Acknowledgements (Selected) F Trip Support: NAIST, NEC, Ricoh, ULIS F Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, IBM, Microsoft, NSF, OCLC, US Dept. of Education, … F Co-PIs: Marc Abrams, Robert Akscyn, John Carroll, Brian Kleiner, … F Students: Fernando Das Neves, Robert France, Neill Kipp, Paul Mather, Constantinos Phanouriou, James Powell, Ohm Sornil, David Watkins, Chang Zhang, Jianxin Zhao

4. Remember! F NDLTD (join! support!) F NUDL (help establish w. matching efforts) –(campus/distance/lifelong) learning –multilingual federated search –document and metadata standards F 5S (to understand and build DLs)

5. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

6. How do universities and digital libraries relate? F Each U. will have its own digital library. Hence there will be large numbers (i.e., critical mass). F All students will learn how to use and how to “feed” digital libraries (and bring those habits to future work as needs and skills). F All digital library problems (esp. federation, flexibility, personalization) appear at U’s (so they are a good type of testbed, with willing collaborators in-place for developing solutions).

7. Digital Libraries --- Virginia Tech F MARIAN (NLM) F CS DL Prototype - ENVISION (NSF, ACM) F TULIP (Elsevier, OCLC) F DL for CS Education - EI (NSF, ACM) F WATERS, NCSTRL (NSF) F NDLTD (SURA, US Dept. of Education) F CSTC (NSF, ACM) F CRIM (NSF, SIGMM) F WCA (Log) Repository (W3C) F VT-PetaPlex-1 (Knowledge Systems)

8. Virginia Tech Background F Largest university in Virginia, land-grant, town population 35K plus 25K students F Blacksburg Electronic Village, since 1992, with 80% of community on Internet F Net.Work.Virginia, largest ATM network, with over 600 sites, for education, research, govt F LMDS, Local Multipoint Distribution Service, gigabit wireless networking - 1/3 of Virginia F Math Emporium, 500 workstations F Faculty Development Initiative, round 2

9. Supporting Authors (Teachers and Learners) Faculty Develop. Initiative ETD Support Virginia Tech Digital Library University Libraries Classifying/ Cataloging/ Preserving Collaboration Visualization MM IR EPub HCI Model Classroom of the 21st Century Technology ShowcaseATMVideo Conf.Develop MM New Media Center Scholarly Publishing

10. ACITC F Advanced Communications and Information Technology Center, opening summer 2000 F Connects to the library, with a focus on IT F 1/3 high-tech (multimedia) classrooms F 1/3 digital/electronic library (reading room) F 1/3 research labs: 10, including: –Digital Library Research Laboratory (DLRL) –Center for Applied Technologies in the Humanities –HCI; HPC; Multimedia; Visualization (CAVE),...

11. Digital Libraries --- Objectives F World Lit.: 24hr / 7day / from desktop F Integrated “super” information systems: 5S: streams, structures, spaces, scenarios, societies F Ubiquitous, Higher Quality, Lower Cost F Education, Knowledge Sharing, Discovery F Disintermediation -> Collaboration F Universities Reclaim Property F Interactive Courseware, Student Works F Scalable, Sustainable, Usable, Useful

12. SMETE Library (from www.dlib.org) F Context: Global movement toward Digital Libraries (see April 1998 CACM) F NSF effort: Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and Technology Education Digital Library (focussed on undergraduates) –3 workshops, yearly increasing funds / new calls F SMETE Library likely to operate as distributed federation, with separate parts for each key discipline, and to lead to a global effort

13. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

14. DLs: Why of Global Interest? F National projects can preserve antiquities and heritage: cultural, historical, linguistic, scholarly F Knowledge and information are essential to economic and technological growth, education F DL - a domain for international collaboration –wherein all can contribute and benefit –which leverages investment in networking –which provides useful content on Internet & WWW –which will tie nations and peoples together more strongly and through deeper understanding

15. NUDL F 1/15/99 NUDL proposal to NSF under DLI2 international program –VT: Library, Grad School, Industrial&Systems Eng. –Partners: UK (2), Singapore, Russia, Korea, Greece, Germany, plus Iberoamerican group (Spain, Portugal, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico) –Problems: Multilingual search, multimedia submissions, requirements/usability, … F Start with ETDs, then expand to other student works, portfolios, data sets, (CS) courseware,...

17. NUDL Partners F Ricardo A. Baeza-Yates, Universidad de Chile, Chile F José Luis Brinquete Borbinha, Biblioteca Nacional, Portugal F José Hilario Canós Cerdá, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Spain F Stavros Christodoulakis, Technical University of Crete, Greece F Lautaro Guerra Genskowsky, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa Maria,Chile F Juan José Goldschtein, Univesidad de Belgrano, Argentina F Peter Diepold, Humboldt University, Germany F Francisco Javier Jaén Martinez, Spain F Sung Hyon Myaeng, Chungnam National University, Korea F Ana Maria Beltran Pavani, Prédio Cardeal Leme, Brazil F Lim Ee Peng, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore F Alexander I. Plemnek, St.-Petersburg State Technical University, Russia F J. Alfredo Sánchez, Universidad de las Américas-Puebla, Mexico

18. Solution Decomposition

19. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

20. A Digital Library Case Study F Domain: graduate education, research F Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations F Submission: http://etd.vt.edu F Collection: http://www.theses.org Project: Networked Digital Library of Theses & Dissertations (NDLTD) http:// www.ndltd.org

21. ETD Initiative SGML (1985) PDF (1992) DL (1994) Library Cancellations (1988) University Scholarly Electronic Pub. (1988) Info. Literacy (1995) Graduate Education Internet (1984) WWW (1994) Multimedia (1986)

22. Media ETD Web Site http://www.ndltd.org/ ETDs Got Your Interest? Graduate Students Singapore AM Chronicle of Higher Ed. National Public Radio NY Times... U. Laval

23. Key Ideas: Networked infrastructure Scalability Education is the rationale University collaboration Workflow, automation Authors must submit Maximal access PDF, SGML, MM Standards Federated search 8th graders vs. grads MARC, DC, URNs

24. What led to today’s meeting? F 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, … F 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities with 3 reps each F 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (MEL): SURA, SOLINET F 1994 mtg in Blacksburg re ETD project: std of PDF + SGML + multimedia objects F 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) for regional, national projects F 1997 meetings in UK, Germany,...

25. F Aiding universities to enhance grad educ., publishing and IPR efforts F Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations F Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive) What are we doing?

26. What are the long term goals? F 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved F 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios F Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: lit. reviews, bibliographies, … F Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

27. NDLTD Computer Resources Research Literature Student Prepares Thesis or Dissertation

28. Student Defends and Finalizes ETD My Thesis ETD

29. Student Gets Committee Signatures and Submits ETD Signed Grad School

30. Graduate School Approves ETD Student is Graduated Ph.D.

31. Library Catalogs ETD and New Students Have Access to the New Research WWW NDLTD

32. Status of the Local Project F Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97 F Submission & access software in place F Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv. F Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative F Over 2000 ETDs in collection

33. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

34. Institutional Members F Coalition for Networked Information (CNI) F Committee on Inst. Coop. (CIC) F Diplomica.com F Dissertation.com F National Library of Portugal F UNESCO

35. US University Members F U. of Iowa F U. of Maine F U. of Oklahoma F U. of South Florida F U. of Tennessee, Knoxville F U. of Tennessee, Memphis F U. of Texas at Austin F U. of Virginia F U. Wisconsin - Madison F Vanderbilt U. F Virginia Tech - required since 1/97 F West Virginia U. - required beginning fall 1998 F Worcester Polytechnic Inst. F Air University (Alabama) F Cal Tech F Clemson University F College of William & Mary F Concordia University (Illinois) F East Tenn. State University F Florida Institute of Tech. F Florida International University F Michigan Tech F Naval Postgraduate School (CA) F North Carolina State U. F Penn. State University F Rochester Institute of Tech. F U. of Florida F U. of Georgia F University of Hawaii, Manoa

36. Australian Project Members F U. New South Wales (lead institution) F U. of Melbourne F U. of Queensland F U. of Sydney F Australian National University F Curtin U. of Technology F Griffith U.

37. German Project Members F Humboldt University (lead institution) F 3 other universities F 5 learned societies F 1 computing center F 2 major libraries

38. Other International Members F Chinese University of Hong Kong F Chungnam National U., Dept of CS (S. Korea) F City University, London (UK) F Darmstadt U. of Tech. (Germany) F Free University of Berlin (Germany - Vet. Med.) F Gyeongsang National U. (Korea) F India Institute of Technology, Bombay (India) F Nanyang Technological U. (Singapore, part) F National U. of Singapore (Singapore, part) F *National Library of Portugal F Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) F Rhodes U. (South Africa) F St. Petersburg St. Tech.U (Russia) F Univ. de las Américas Puebla (Mexico) F U. Laval; U. of Guelph; U. Waterloo; Wilfrid Laurier U. (Canada)

39. Access Statistics 1996 19971998 Total successful requests:37,171247,573628,401 Av. successful requests/day: 102 685 1,690 Requests for.PDF files: 4,600 72, 854343,236 Requests for.HTML file28,225129,831215,896 Distinct hosts served 9,015 22,725 36,724 Total data transferred:3,229M 25,953M 74,051M Av. data transferred/day: 9M 73M 222M

40. Popular Works 1996 458 Seevers, Gary L. Identification of Criteria for Delivery of Theological Education Through Distance Education: An International Delphi Study (Ph.D., Educational Research and Evaluation, April 1993; 1353Kb) 432 Hohauser, Robyn Lisa. The Social Construction of Technology: The Case of LSD (MS in Science and Technology Studies, Feb. 1995; 244Kb) 390 Childress, Vincent William. The Effects of Technology Education, Science, and Mathematics Integration Upon Eighth Grader's Technological Problem-Solving Ability (Ph.D. in Vocational and Technical Education, July 1994; 285Kb) 310 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2Mb) 287 Sprague, Milo D. A High Performance DSP Based System Architecture for Motor Drive Control ( MS in Electrical Engineering, May 1993; 878Kb) 165 Wallace, Richard A. Regional Differences in the Treatment of Karl Marx by the Founders of American Academic Sociology (MS in Sociology, Nov. 1993; 479Kb) 150 McKeel, Scott Andrew. Numerical Simulation of the Transition Region in Hypersonic Flow (Ph.D. in Aerospace Engineering, Feb. 1996; 3Mb)

41. Popular Works 1997 9920 Liu, Xiangdong. Analysis and Reduction of Moire Patterns in Scanned Halftone Pictures (Ph.D. in Computer Science, May 1996; 6.6Mb) 7656 Petrus, Paul. Novel Adaptive Array Algorithms and Their Impact on Cellular System Capacity (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, March 1997; 5Mb) 2781 Agnes, Gregory Stephen. Performance of Nonlinear Mechanical, Resonant-Shunted Piezoelectric, and Electronic Vibration Absorbers for Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Structures (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Sept. 1997; ? + 7926Kb) 2492 Gonzalez, Reinaldo J. Raman, Infrared, X-ray, and EELS Studies of Nanophase Titania (Ph.D. in Physics, July 1996; 4607Kb) 1877 Shih, Po-Jen. On-Line Consolidation of Thermoplastic Composites (Ph.D. in Engineering Mechanics, Feb. 1997; 3.3Mb) 1791 Saldanha, Kevin J. Performance Evaluation of DECT in Different Radio Environments (MS in Electrical Engineering, Aug. 1996; 3.2Mb) 1431 DeVaux, David. A Tutorial on Authorware (MS in CS, April 1996; 2.3Mb) 1394 Kuhn, William B. Design of Integrated, Low Power, Radio Receivers in BiCMOS Technologies (Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, Dec. 1995; 2518Kb)

42. Popular Works 1998 F K-accesses Mbytes Degree Year Dept Tables/Figures Author F 75, 12, PhD, 1997, ME, 38/174, Maillard F 56, 6.5, PhD, 1996, CS, 8/93, Liu F 20, 3.9, PhD, 1997, EE, 9/121, Laster F 15, 4.9, PhD, 1997, CpE, 17/127, Tripathi F 12, 6.6, MS, 1997, EE, 7/96, Nicoloso F 6.7, 4.6, PhD, 1996, Physics, 8/62 (32 color), Gonzalez

43. International Use  199619971998  85029928170 United Kingdom  6082,5014223 Australia  34623787373 Germany  71323673970 Canada  38712642201 South Korea  46311614431 France  2507252553 Italy  1918672781 Netherlands  18311301449 Brazil  229671089 Thailand  839581414 Greece

44. Who are sponsors / cooperators? F Funding, Donations of hardware/software –SURA –US Dept. of Education (FIPSE) –Adobe Systems –IBM –Microsoft –OCLC F Others Serving on Steering Committee –National/Regional Projects: Australia, French speaking group, Germany, IberoAmerica (ISTEC), UK (UTOG) –CGS, National Lib. Canada, NSF, OAS, SOLINET, UMI, UNESCO,...

45. How does this relate to UMI? F 1987 UMI workshop to explore ETDs F Support letter for US Dept. of Ed. proposal F Steering and technical committee membership F ProQuest Direct pilot of scanning works started 1/1/97, free 2 yr access to front part F Collaborating on: – accepting electronic author submissions – standards (e.g., representation), research

46. ETD Initiative (and UMI) Students Learn about DL, EPub TDs become more expressive N. Amer. (T)Ds are accessible, archived Global TDs become more accessible, archived UMI Universities

47. User Search Support (multilingual, XML) Note: All groups shown are connected with NDLTD.

48. Interoperability Tests Planned F IBM DL: donated equipment, technical support, powerful IPR (see TOIS, D-Lib) F Z39.50: OCLC SiteSearch / VT tailored s/w –university libraries w. catalogs of freely shared MARC records pointing to archival copies –via URNs: handles & PURLs F Dienst / NCSTRL - www.ncstrl.org: CS depts., DARPA, NSF, CNRI, Cornell - UVA is working on extensions for ETDs - Portugal is studying use for Europe - VT is working on Dienst to Z39.50 gateway

49. Access Approaches F Goal: Maximize access and services, e.g., by encouraging: F UMI centralized services F Distributed service: Dienst, Z39.50 F Regional services (e.g., OhioLink, AZ/NM) F Local servers with browse, search – From local catalogs to local archives F WWW robot indexing and search services

50. Why might your university want to be involved? F To improve graduate education / better prepare your students / increase their knowledge and visibility F To unlock university information F To save money for students and for the university / improve workflow F To build an important digital library

51. How can a university get involved? F Select planning/implementation team – Graduate School – Library – Computing / Information Technology – Institutional Research / Educ. Tech. F Send us letter, give us contact names F Adapt Virginia Tech solution – Build interest and consensus – Start trial / allow optional submission

52. Contact Our Project Team E-mail etd@ndltd.org Phone Call Visit Video Tape

53. Convene Local Planning Group ETD

54. Build Local ETD Site Digital Library Policies Inspection/Approval Workshop/Training ETD

55. Type 1 Members University Requires ETDs F Adobe Acrobat and/or XML/SGML tools F Automated submission & processing F Archive/access through UMI, (OCLC,) Virginia Tech,... F (Local) WWW site, publicity F (Local) Assistance provided as requested: email, phone, listserv(s)

56. Type 2 Members University Agrees to Require ETDs F Like Type 1 but set date not reached F Usually has an option or pilot F May: wait for new AY; start with all who enter after; … F Build grass roots support – Advisory committee: representative? expert? – Champions to spread by word of mouth – Approval: Senates, Commissions, Deans, Students – Publicity to reach community

57. NDLTD Members, Types 3-7 F 3. Part of university requires ETDs F 4. University allows ETDs F 5. University investigating, has pilot F 6. University consortium joins: –CIC (Big 10 coordinating body) F 7. Non-university organization joins –CNI (Coalition for Networked Info.)

58. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

59. Support Services Developed F WWW site with > 300 Mb, CD, videotape F Automated submission system (MySQL, UNIX, WWW scripts - grad school/library) F Student guidelines, style sheets, multimedia training materials, FAQs, press info F SGML and XML DTDs for ETDs F SGML to HTML (web generator) F LaTeX, Word templates, converters

60. Accessibility Activities / Plans F Interface design (simple, 3D, VR) F Usability studies F Generic multi-lingual support F Support for those with disabilities F Hybrid collection (paper, MARC, abstracts, full-text, multimedia) F Disciplinary classifications, tools F Visualization of results, collection

62. SPIRE Visualization

63. Support Offered F Software, documentation, tech support F Email, listservs (etd-l@listserv.vt.edu, - eval, -grad, -library, -technical) F Donations: Adobe, Microsoft F Evaluation: instruments, analysis http://scholar.lib.vt.edu - solutions/statistics F (Temporary storage / archiving; aid - in setting up an int’l service & archive)

64. PetaPlex F Digital Library Machine (“super” object store) F Parallel computer / storage utility for scale of 1000 to 1,000,000 gigabytes (terabyte/petabyte) F Knowledge Systems Incorporated is supplying VT-PetaPlex-1 with –high speed backbone connection (OC-12) –2.5 terabytes through 100 “Nanoservers”: –Network connection + IBM 25GB disk + 233 MHz Pentium II + Linux

65. Sornil & Mather Dissertations F VT-PetaPlex-1 delivered, being installed F Mather: efficiently handling very large numbers of objects of varying sizes F Sornil: efficiently handling IR for very large collections, large numbers of users, high transaction rates, large inverted files –modeling and simulation –data organization (partitioning) –parallelization of algorithms, alone and in combination for retrieval (related) tasks

66. Enhancements F Dublin Core spec, MARC crosswalk F DTDs for SGML, XML(+ ML) F Annotation system (author, friends, notes) F Routing system (based on Sift) F Multilingual WWW site, training materials (Spanish recently done in Valencia) F Better federated search (w. Z39.50, planned with Dienst and Harvest - maybe MARIAN)

67. MARIAN F Multiple Access Retrieval of Information with Annotations F (Marian the Librarian …) F Evolved from CODER system to a distributed Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC), then DL backend, now becoming a full DL system F From C/C++ to Java F Future: NDLTD, NUDL, PetaPlex

68. MARIAN Layers Database Layer Search Engine Layer User Information Layer User Interface Layer User

69. Relationship with publishers F Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times F Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL F Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access – AAP, AAUP – AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier,...

70. Some responses from publishers F ACM: need to acknowledge copyright F Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright F IEEE-CS: endorse initiative F ACS: After first publication, can release F Textbook publishers: different market, manuscript significantly reworked F General: restricting access to local campus will not cause any problems

71. For Professional Societies F Like “writing across the curriculum” F Besides writing: computing/communications, information literacy, personal digital library management, tool use, research methods, collaboration, archiving/preservation F Data sets, communities of users of them F Classification systems / browsing / searching F NRC’s “On becoming a researcher”

72. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

73. How to Build a Digital Library F Understand the problem (using the 5S Framework) F Solve the problem (using the Star Methodology) –design, develop, evaluate, –refine, operate

74. 5S Layers Societies Scenarios Spaces Structures Streams

75. Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that F help satisfy info needs of users (societies) F provide info services (scenarios) F organize info in usable ways (structures) F present info in usable ways (spaces) F communicate info with users (streams)

76. Definition: 5S Framework F Societies: interacting people (, computers) F Scenarios: services, functions, operations, methods F Spaces: domains + constraints (e.g., distance, adjacency): 2D, vector, probability F Structures: relations, trees, nodes and arcs F Streams: sequences of items (text, audio, video, network traffic) F (5 Element System: Fire, Wood, Earth, Metal, Water)

77. 5S: Components F Societies: roles, rituals, reasons, relationships, artifacts F Scenarios: acquire, index, consult, administer, preserve F Spaces: physical, temporal, functional, presentational, conceptual F Structures: architectures, taxonomies, schema, grammars, links, objects F Streams: granularities, protocols, paths, flows, turbulences

78. 5S: Combinations F Societies + Scenarios = user model F Societies + Scenarios + Spaces = user interface F Streams + Structures = markup F Streams + Structures + Scenarios = object F Structures + Scenarios = DBMS

79. Star Methodology

80. Neill Kipp Dissertation F Training interested groups about 5S and the Star Methodology, refining the Framework to have solid mathematical foundation F Case studies of projects at Virginia Tech or involving VT staff/students: CSTC, NDLTD, NARA (National Archives, with SAIC), Lexis,... F Open also to study DL projects elsewhere F Focusing too on the design artifacts developed and related issues of efficient description and representation (esp. with markup, hypermedia)

81. OUTLINE F Introduction F Global digital libraries, for education F NDLTD –Overview, History –Members, Collection –Support, Extensions F Building digital libraries F Conclusion

82. Future Work - 1 of 2 F Working with publishers to increase level of access as much as possible F Interoperability tests among universities and with UMI to provide integrated services F Study with testbed that emerges, to improve information retrieval, browsing, interface, and other types of user support F Evaluation, improving learning experience, spread to worldwide initiative, sustainable support and coordination

83. Future Work - 2 of 2 F Adding services currently prototyped –annotation and SDI (routing) capabilities –Dublic Core metadata, crosswalk to MARC –support with IBM DL, OCLC SiteSearch F Adding other services planned –building and using citation database (w. SFX) –implementing plagiarism check (like “SCAM”) F Developing NUDL as a sustainable self governing global institution (w. committees)

84. Remember! F NDLTD (join! support!) F NUDL (help establish w. matching efforts) –(campus/distance/lifelong) learning –multilingual federated search –document and metadata standards F 5S (to understand and build DLs)