1. Automatic Person Location Technologies and Solutions for Public Safety Users Peter Hudson Sepura 28.10.2005

2. Introduction Location Update Market requirements for APLS for Public Safety users The command and control requirements of an APLS solution Review of location technologies TETRA services used for location solutions Future of APLS enabled products for public safety users

3. Market Requirement Drivers – APLS FCC E911 Mandate in the US  Call centres  Terminal or network implemented solutions  50 - 100 metre accuracy for at least 67% of cases  150 - 300 metre accuracy for at least 95% of cases EU E112 Mandate in Europe  Still not implemented !  No defined accuracy specified ! Both systems proposing using either TDOA or GPS location techniques Many emergency services now mandating APLS

4. Location Technology - Public Safety Know where someone is: save LIFE. Better allocation of resources, prompt reaction to an Emergency: save TIME. Better Control of the fleet: save MONEY Improve job satisfaction: save CHURN

5. Solution Influencing Factors Price Accuracy verses coverage Ergonomics Power consumption Timing of solution to reach the market Standard solution or proprietary ? Can the solution be supported by TETRA ?

6. Command & Control Requirements Effective management Requirements differ from AVLS User needs to feel unthreatened by APLS Updated positioning details fixed to various duties or skills Linking of various systems/databases to provide officer with advance warning of possible dangers

7. Resource management - AVLS

8. Resource management - APLS

9. Resource management

10. Importance of knowing location High Accuracy Low Accuracy  HELP!.... Which street are you in?   HELP!.... Which street are you in? 

11. Location Solutions & Performance Low accuracy, low cost solutions  Time difference of arrival  Enhanced observed time difference Medium accuracy, medium cost solutions  Standard GPS  Assisted GPS  Low signal strength GPS High accuracy, high cost solutions  Differential GPS  Combinations of Solutions

12. Low accuracy, low cost (terminal) solutions Time Difference Of Arrival (TDOA)  very costly to implement in the network  accuracy of location is +/- 500 metres Enhanced Observed Time Difference (EOTD)  no base station support now claimed  accuracy of location is 200m - 2km Both technologies  have good indoor/urban canyon penetration, but with very poor accuracy - a general show stopping issue for network based solutions where location accuracy could be critical  are bandwidth hungry therefore not suitable for TETRA

13. Network Based Solutions LMU Radio tower C&C Server GIS or Mapping Application GIS or Mapping Application TETRA Gateway LMU Network Based Solutions Current Accuracy = 200m - 2km Future Accuracy =100m - 500m

14. Medium accuracy, medium cost solutions Standard GPS  time to first acquisition (fix) is typically 3 mins  >30 metres accuracy, no indoors or urban canyon coverage Assisted GPS  time to first acquisition is typically 30 secs  >30 metres accuracy Low Signal Strength GPS (high sensitivity)  time to first acquisition is typically 45 secs  <30 metres accuracy  indoors/urban canyons All the above have a location accuracy of <10 metres for 95% of cases in open space

15. GPS How Does It Work ? To enable a location measurement to be made, the GPS receiver needs to know were the satellites are It receives two kinds of data from the satellites;  Almanac data  Ephemeris data Once the receiver has obtained this information it needs to synchronise time before an accurate location measurement can be made. By knowing time taken to receive signal from each satellite, the receiver can determine exactly how far away it is.

16. GPS based solutions Radio tower Mapping Application TETRA Network Mapping Server C & C Servers Dispatch workstations Base station TETRA gateway C&C Firewall C & C LAN SDS

17. High accuracy, high cost solutions Differential GPS  open space accuracy <10 metres off  expensive to implement with land based differential base stations required and regular network broadcasts  Network bandwidth hungry Solution Combinations (GPS+Beacons+Odometer)  accuracy anywhere between 0 - 10 metres  very expensive beacon network required to support this

18. GPS - High accuracy Radio tower C&C Server GIS or Mapping Application GIS or Mapping Application TETRA Network TETRA Gateway GPS GPS Station Radio tower SDS GPS Odometer Beacon Receiver

19. Data over network - Size of problem! Heading Fix type Confidence Level Status Fix Reason Terminal ID Typically, position report messages could carry some or all of the following: Date Time Latitude Longitude Altitude Speed Amount of message traffic generated by APLS systems is much larger than for AVLS

20. TETRA services for APLS TETRA services allow use of SDS messaging for transmission of GPS data:- EN 300 392-2: TETRA (Voice plus Data (V+D), part 2: Air Interface, v2.3.2  SDS4 and SDS-TL delivers variable length messages to 2047 bits(255 bytes)  GPS location data is provided in the NMEA formats, GLL, GSA, GGA etc.  Typical GLL mesage could contain as much as 48 bytes of data! Location Information Protocol –TS 100 392-18-1 v1.1.1 Jan 2005  Specifies the effective use of network by using compact message formats  Typical message (compared to GLL) is 11 bytes long!

21. Future of APLS & TETRA Terminals Technology Influenced Solutions The European Galileo system should be operational by 2008 and this is supposed to perform better than the existing US DoD GPS system. Continuing integration of IC’s and components enables space saving in handsets and is an opportunity to integrate location devices like GPS.

22. Clear Sky Under Foliage Wooden Building Urban Canyon Single Storey Brick Building Multi Storey Concrete building Underground? 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2010………………………….. 2015 2020 2030 High sensitivity GPS L1, L2 + L5 Frequency (+ Galileo?) Galileo Future GPS ? Other Sensors – e.g. Gyroscope, Accelerometers “GPS” Performance - Trend High Quality Receiver High Quality Hand Held Receiver

23. Benefits of GPS in Public Safety Enhances user safety Lone worker + Emergency Button + GPS Accurate Location Improves resource usage Improves response times Selection of most appropriate resource Reduce wasted resource Improves reporting accuracy Knowing precisely where an incident took place Improves user job satisfaction User feels safer and more confident