1. Environmental Concerns

2. Hyperthermia Heat Stress 1. The body will function normally as long as body temperature is maintained in a normal range. 2. Maintaining normal body temperature in a hot environment depends upon the body’s ability to dissipate heat. Metabolic Heat Protection 1.Notmal metabolic function in the body results in the production and radiation of heat; the higher the metabolic rate, the more heat produced. 2.Dissipating Heat  A. Evaporative Heat Loss: Sweat glands in the skin allow water to be transported to the surface where it evaporates, taking large quantities of heat with it. B. A normal person can sweat about 1 quart of water per hour C. Sweating does not cause heat loss, the sweat must evaporate for heat to be dissipated, and the air must be relatively free of water for evaporation to occur. D. Evaporation is severely impaired when the relative humidity reaches 65% and virtually stops at 75%

3. Extertional Heat Illness Heat Cramps A. Heat Cramps 1. Painful muscle spasms commonly in the calf and abdomen 2.Related to excessive loss of water and electrolytes (sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium) 3. Immediate treatment is ingestion of large quantities of fluids- sports drinks

4. Extertional Heat Illness Heat Exhaustion 1. Athlete becomes dehydrated to the point that he/she is unable to maintain adequate cardiac output. 2. Signs and symptoms include: pale skin, profuse sweating, stomach crams with nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, headache, persistent muscle cramps and dizziness/loss of coordination. 3. Immediately remove athlete from heat and start cooling. Monitor heart rate, blood pressure and core temperature- may need to transport to emergency facility.

5. Extertional Heat Illness Heat Stroke 1. Life Threatening Emergency- Caused by severely elevated body temperature. 2. Clinically characterized by sudden collapse with CNS dysfunction such as altered consciousness, seizures, confusion, emotional instability, irrational behavior or decreased mental acuity. 3. Hot flushed skin with less sweating than seen in heat exhaustion, shallow breathing, rapid strong pulse, nausea, vomiting or diarrhea, headache, dizziness or weakness, decreased blood pressure and dehydration. 4. The longer the body temp is above 104° the higher the mortality rate. 5. Body temperature must be cooled immediately and immediate medical attention is necessary.