1. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1 Chapter 30 Security Credit: most slides from Forouzan, TCP/IP protocol suit

2. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 2 Criminal Expoits and Attacks Phishing: Masquerading as a well-known site to obtain a user’ personal info. Denial of Service: Intentionally blocking a site to prevent business activities. Loss of control: an intruder gains control of a system. Loss of data: Steal or delete.

3. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 3 Techniques used Wiretapping Replay – sending packets captured from previous session such as username and password. Buffer overflow: sending more data than receiver expects, thereby storing values in memory buffer. Address spoofing. Faking IP source address Name spoofing. Misspelling of a well-known name or poisoning name server. SYN flood – sending stream of TCP SYN Key breaking – guessing password Port Scanning – to find vulnerability Packet Interception – man in the middle attack.

4. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 4 Security Techniques Encryption Digital Signatures Firewall Intrusion detection systems Packet inspection and content scanning VPN

5. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 5 28.1 CRYPTOGRAPHY The word cryptography in Greek means “secret writing.” The term today refers to the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks. The topics discussed in this section include: Symmetric-Key Cryptography Asymmetric-Key Cryptography Comparison

6. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 6 Figure 28.1 Cryptography components

7. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 7 In cryptography, the encryption/decryption algorithms are public; the keys are secret. Note:

8. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 8 In symmetric-key cryptography, the same key is used by the sender (for encryption) and the receiver (for decryption). The key is shared. Note:

9. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 9 Figure 28.2 Symmetric-key cryptography

10. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 10 In symmetric-key cryptography, the same key is used in both directions. Note:

11. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 11 Figure 28.3 Caesar cipher

12. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 12 Figure 28.4 Transpositional cipher

13. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 13 Data encryption Standard (DES) Is a block cipher Takes 64-bit plaintext and creates a 64-bit ciphertext. The cipher key is a 56-bit key. It uses 16 rounds, each round mixes and swapps (left half with right half)

14. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 14 Figure 28.5 DES (Data Encryption Standard)

15. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 15 The DES cipher uses the same concept as the Caesar cipher, but the encryption/ decryption algorithm is much more complex. Note:

16. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 16 Asymmetric-key ciphers The secret key is personal and unshared. Symmetric key scheme would require n(n-1)/2 keys, for a million people it would require half a billion shared secret keys. Whereas, in asymmetric scheme we would only require a million secret keys. Asymmetric ciphers use two keys, private and public. Asymmetric is much slower. Both symmetric and asymmetric can be used if need to be. Think: if you want to send a secret symmetric key, you can use asymmetric.

17. Protocols IPSec (internet Security Protocol) operates in the network layer. Used in VPN. IP sec supports Authentication Header (AH) protocol and Encapsulation Security Payload (ESP) protocol The SSL (Secure Socket Layer) protocol serves as a security for transferring encrypted data. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) standard. Data stream is encrypted with RC4 algorithm. RC4 is simple, it is not very secure. WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) specification and AES (Advanced Encryption standard) more secure for encrypting wireless data. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 17

18. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 18 Figure 28.8 Public-key cryptography

19. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 19 Symmetric-key cryptography is often used for long messages. Note:

20. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 20 Asymmetric-key algorithms are more efficient for short messages. Note:

21. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 21 Digital signature can provide authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation for a message. Note:

22. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 22 28.3 DIGITAL SIGNATURE Digital signature can provide authentication, integrity, and nonrepudiation for a message. The topics discussed in this section include: Signing the Whole Document Signing the Digest

23. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 23 Figure 28.12 Signing the whole document

24. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 24 Digital signature does not provide privacy. If there is a need for privacy, another layer of encryption/decryption must be applied. Note:

25. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 25 Figure 28.13 Hash function

26. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 26 Figure 28.14 Sender site

27. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 27 Figure 28.15 Receiver site The digest is much shorter than the message. The message itself may not lend itself to asymmetric cryptography because it is too long.

28. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 28 Hash functions Message of arbitrary length is made into a fixed length message. MD2, MD4, MD5 SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) developed by NIST.

29. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 29 Non-repudiation If alice signs a message then denies it, the message can be verified. That means we have to keep the messages. A trusted center can be created. Alice send the digitally signed message to the trusted center who verifies it, saves a copy of the message, recreates the message with its own signature and send to bob. Bob can verify the trusted center’s public key.

30. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 30 28.5 KEY MANAGEMENT In this section we explain how symmetric keys are distributed and how public keys are certified. The topics discussed in this section include: Symmetric-Key Distribution Public-Key Certification Kerberos

31. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 31 A symmetric key between two parties is useful if it is used only once; it must be created for one session and destroyed when the session is over. Note:

32. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 32 Figure 28.19 Diffie-Hellman method

33. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 33 The symmetric (shared) key in the Diffie-Hellman protocol is K = G xy mod N. Note:

34. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 34 Let us give an example to make the procedure clear. Our example uses small numbers, but note that in a real situation, the numbers are very large. Assume G = 7 and N = 23. The steps are as follows: 1. Alice chooses x = 3 and calculates R1 = 7 3 mod 23 = 21. 2. Alice sends the number 21 to Bob. 3. Bob chooses y = 6 and calculates R2 = 7 6 mod 23 = 4. 4. Bob sends the number 4 to Alice. 5. Alice calculates the symmetric key K = 4 3 mod 23 = 18. 6. Bob calculates the symmetric key K = 21 6 mod 23 = 18. The value of K is the same for both Alice and Bob; G xy mod N = 7 18 mod 23 = 18. Example 1

35. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 35 Figure 28.20 Man-in-the-middle attack

36. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 36 Figure 28.21 First approach using KDC

37. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 37 Figure 28.22 Needham-Schroeder protocol

38. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 38 Figure 28.23 Otway-Rees protocol

39. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 39 In public-key cryptography, everyone has access to everyone’s public key. Note:

40. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 40 Table 28.1 X.509 fields

41. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 41 Figure 28.24 PKI hierarchy

42. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 42 Figure 28.25 Kerberos servers

43. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 43 Figure 28.26 Kerberos example

44. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 44 28.6 SECURITY IN THE INTERNET In this section we discuss a security method for each of the top 3 layers of the Internet model. At the IP level we discuss a protocol called IPSec; at the transport layer we discuss a protocol that “glues” a new layer to the transport layer; at the application layer we discuss a security method called PGP. The topics discussed in this section include: IP Level Security: IPSec Transport Layer Security Application Layer Security: PGP

45. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 45 Figure 28.27 Transport mode

46. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 46 Figure 28.28 Tunnel mode

47. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 47 Figure 28.29 AH

48. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 48 The AH protocol provides message authentication and integrity, but not privacy. Note:

49. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 49 Figure 28.30 ESP

50. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 50 ESP provides message authentication, integrity, and privacy. Note:

51. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 51 Figure 28.31 Position of TLS

52. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 52 Figure 28.32 TLS layers

53. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 53 Figure 28.33 Handshake protocol

54. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 54 Figure 28.34 Record Protocol

55. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 55 Figure 28.35 PGP at the sender site

56. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 56 Figure 28.36 PGP at the receiver site

57. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 57 28.7 FIREWALLS A firewall is a device (usually a router or a computer) installed between the internal network of an organization and the rest of the Internet. It is designed to forward some packets and filter (not forward) others. A firewall is a device (usually a router or a computer) installed between the internal network of an organization and the rest of the Internet. It is designed to forward some packets and filter (not forward) others. The topics discussed in this section include: Packet-Filter Firewall Proxy Firewall

58. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 58 Figure 28.37 Firewall

59. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 59 Figure 28.38 Packet-filter firewall

60. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 60 A packet-filter firewall filters at the network or transport layer. Note:

61. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 61 Figure 28.39 Proxy firewall

62. TCP/IP Protocol Suite 62 A proxy firewall filters at the application layer. Note: