1. Greece, Rome, & Byzantium

2. Bellringer On a piece of paper in your 3 pronged folder, draw a circle map to brainstorm what you know about Greece and another circle map for Rome

3. Different types of Governments Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy Tyrants Democracy

4. Timeline of Democracy Draco came to power in 621 B.C.E. – Draco’s code = all Athenians equal under the law. – Punishment for criminals = death – Upheld debt slavery Solon came to power in 594 B.C.E. – Outlawed debt slavery – Four social classes based on wealth and the poor could not hold political office, but everyone could participate in assemblies Cleisthenes created more reforms – Broke up the power of the nobility – Council of Five Hundred – members were chosen at random Citizenship = free adult male property owners born in Athens

5. Famous Philosophers Socrates – Encouraged his students to examine their own beliefs Plato – The Republic – Ideal society is not democracy, but rather the most intelligent person would be a philosopher-king Aristotle – Developed rules of logic

6. Fall of Greece Peloponnesian War weakened the city states Philip of Macedonia took over Greece Alexander the Great follows in his father’s footsteps and takes over Persia

7. Hellenistic Culture Blending of Greek, Egyptian, Persian, and Indian culture – Ptolemy = the sun revolves around the Earth – Euclid = geometry – Archimedes = displacement theory, pi, law of the lever – Pythagoras = Pythagorean Theorem

8. Roman Republic Rome was founded by the twins Romulus and Remus to honor their mother a she wolf Good place for trade (olive oil, wine, textiles, raw materials) They were ruled by a king at first

9. Roman Republic Power rested with citizens who have the right to vote (free born male citizens) Two social classes – Patricians – Plebians 12 tables: Written laws – Patricians cannot manipulate laws to suit their needs

10. Military All landowners had to serve Legions: 5000 foot soldiers Century: 80 men Fought in the Punic Wars against the Carthaginians – 23 years for control over Sicily Rome proved their dominance

12. The Roman Empire Lead by a Triumvirate – Julius Caesar – Crassus – Pompey Julius Caesar – Kicked the other two out of power – Became Roman Dictator for life – Reforms – Murdered on the Ides of March

13. Second Triumvirate Octavian Mark Antony Lepidus Took over ruling Rome for 10 years. Octavian and Antony kicked Lepidus out of power and then Octavian defeated Antony Octavian changed his name to Augustus

14. Pax Romana (Roman Peace) Lasted 207 years (27 BCE – 180 CE) Government Stability – Jobs created – Civil Service – Common coinage throughout the empire – Christianity becomes a bigger deal

15. The Fall of Rome What factors do you think led to the fall of Rome? – Political – Economic – Social – Military Immediate cause – Germanic Barbarians invade

16. Constantine Constantine gained control of the Western Empire (Rome) in 312 CE What did he do in 313 CE? In 324 CE, he gained control of the Eastern Empire (Byzantium) He moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople)

17. Legacy of the Roman Empire Greco-Roman culture Literature and Language – Epic – Latin Language of the Church Basis of Romance languages Buildings and Architecture – Concrete, Roads, Aqueducts System of Law – Citizens rights, equality under the law, basis of the modern justice system

18. Byzantium In 395 Rome had been divided. The Eastern Emperors saw themselves as ruling all of Rome Justinian – 527 he gained the throne after his uncle died. – 533 – his general, Belisarius, recovered North Africa from the barbarians – 535 – Belisarius reclaimed Rome from the Ostrogoths – Rome changed hands constantly, but Justinian’s armies took back most of Italy and parts of Spain

19. Justinian Code Single, uniform code created by a panel of legal experts. Served the empire for 900 years Consisted of four works – The Code: 5000 Roman laws – The Digest: Quoted and summarized the opinions of Rome’s greatest legal thinkers – The Institutes: textbook for law students – The Novellae: legislation passed after 534

20. Famous Buildings Hagia Sophia – Holy Wisdom – Church that Justinian rebuilt Hippodrome – Horse and racecourse – Chariot races and performance acts

21. Theodora Empress Theodora was Justinian’s wife She was an actress Justinian loved her and wanted to marry, but could not until he repealed a law that prohibited the emperor from marrying an actress She was the most powerful women in the history of the Byzantine Empire

22. Nika Rebellion The people were angry with Justinian and the fact that a riot had been put down in the Hippodrome earlier. Justinian was afraid and planned on fleeing Constantinople Theodora, however, urged him to stay and this saved Justinian’s rule

23. Fall of Byzantine Empire In the late years of Justinian’s rule, the plague hit Constantinople and thousands of people died. This destroyed a huge percentage of the population The Empire itself fell to different groups of people by 1350 However, the city of Constantinople held out until 1453 when it fell to the Ottomans

24. The Great Schism of 1054 Roman Catholics follow the Pope and the Eastern church follow the Patriarch Disagreements about wealth and the Church and the use of icons led to tensions between the West and East In 1054, tensions became very high and the Pope and the Patriarch excommunicated each other. Why is this schism so important?