1. *What is an Interpreter?

2. So, Who is an Interpreter? A person who translates different languages immediately and orally with a very high- level language. Synonyms: Translator, exponents, dragoman.

3. *What’s the importance of Interpreter? Communication! It represents the essence of interpreters' work.

4. *What is the barrier that prevent people from communicate? Linguistic! Interpreters are only exist because of that language barrier. They must obviously have enough Linguistic knowledge in order to translate correctly.

5. *What are the communication difficulties? There are more than (Linguistic barrier) that interpreter deal with. People from different countries may not only speak different languages, but have behind them different bodies of knowledge, different education, cultures, and different intellectual approaches! Language barrier can easily be seen by looking at a hypothetical discussion between two people who have different languages. They will have difficulty following.

6. Also, there are more than pure translation difficulties. It’s the cultural difficulties. The speaker may make references to political, economic, social, academic institutions, and intellectual concepts...etc. These references may have no direct equivalent in the language of the person we are addressing and indeed may be meaningless to him!

7. *What’s the role of you? Our future interpreters! The interpreter’s task is to instill the meaning into the text for the target audience by providing the ( Requisite explanations ) or even changing the original speaker’s references in order to deliver for the audience specifically what the speaker want to say. Wessal S. Al-Sha’alan.

8. Implicitly, the means used by a speaker to express his ideas which depend on the speaker's cultural background. Certain forms of these expressions such as: understatement, hyperbole, irony, etc may be difficult or even impossible to reproduce in a different language in given circumstance without betraying the intentions of the speaker. The interpreter must make his audience understand the real meaning, either through judicious choice of synonyms or by rewording a sentence, or at least through the appropriate tone of voice. Alternatively, it may be possible semantically to respect both the original forms of expression and the original meaning by a literal translation, but the result then sounds downright silly or still worse, rude. In all of these cases, indeed in all of their work, interpreters must bridge the cultural and conceptual gaps separating the participants in a meeting. The interpreters are called to explain the text. They should have something of pedagogical streak, their work being one of continuous explanation and explication. They are unlike a teacher where they don’t express their own message, while they are like a teacher; their task is to make sure that the message is genuinely assimilated by the audience. Afnan M. Basar

9. What is Conference Interpreting The comments on explanation do not mean that an interpreter is entitled to convey the speaker’s message. Using all of the circumlocutions and providing all of the explanations they see fit.

10. The conference interpreter must be able to provide an exact and faithful reproduction of the original speech. Deviation from the letter of the original is permissible only if it enhances the audience’s understanding of the speaker’s meaning. Additional information should be provided only if it is indispensable to bridge the culture gaps. It should in no way involve the interpreter’s adding their own point of view to that of the speaker.

11. The conference interpreter, in a way, becomes the delegate they are inter- preting. They speak in the first person when the delegate does so, not translating along the lines of ‘He says that he thinks this is a useful idea. The conference interpreter must empathize with the delegate, put themselves in someone else’s shoes, espouse their cause. The male interpreter must be able to say, ‘Speaking as a woman who has gone through four pregnancies in a perfectly natural and convincing manner.

12. Modes The interpreter must be able to do this work in two modes. First, consecutive interpretation. second, simultaneous interpretation. In the first of these, the interpreter listens to the totality of a speaker’s comments, or at least a significant passage. And then reconstitutes the speech with the help of notes taken while listening; the interpreter is thus speaking consecutively to the original speaker.

13. Note:- Some speakers prefer to talk for just a few sentences and then invite interpretation,in which case the interpreter can perhaps work without notes and rely solely on their memory to reproduce the whole speech. A conference interpreter should be able to cope with speeches of any length :they should develop the techniques, including note-taking to enable them to do so.

14. The second mode of interpreting is simultaneous. Here the interpreter listens to the beginning of the speaker’s comments then begins interpreting while the speech continues, carrying on throughout the speech, to finish almost at the same time as the original. The interpreter is thus speaking simultaneously to the original.

15. Note:- 1.Some people say the interpreting is not genuinely simultaneous as the interpreter is by definition fractionally behind the speaker throughout. Arguing then that this mode should be called ،quasi simultaneous’; yet this appears to be a rather futile quibble, and we shall continue to use the term، simultaneous’ 2.Simultaneous is done with the approprite equipment :delegates speak into microphones which relay the sound directly to interpreters seated in sound-proofed booths listening to the proceedings through earphones; the interpreters in turn speak into a micro-phone which relays their interpretation via a dedicated channel to headphones worn by the delegations who wish to listen to the interpreting. 3.In some cases such equipment is not available, and simultaneous interpretation is whispered (so – called ’ chuchotage) :one participant speaks and simultaneously an interpreter whispers into the ear of the one or maximum two people who require interpreting services.

16. Advantages of simultaneous 1- Simultaneous interpreting takes up less time than consecutive. 2- It is much more feasible to provide genuine mul - tilingual interpreting, with as many as six languages (UN) or even eleven (European Union).

17. Note:- 1-All conference interpreters should be able to work in both modes. 2-The interpreters must have the capacity not only to analyze and resynthesize ideas, but also to do so very quickly and when working under stress. Shaikha Al-Sa’ed.

18. THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFERENCE INTERPRETER’S WORK

19. THE INTERPRETER FACED WITH THE PROBLEMS OF WORKING IN DIFFERENT CONTEXT AND SUBJECT. In an international organization interpreters are likely to work essentially in simultaneous. with globalization the international organizations find they are dealing with an ever wider range of issues,and consequently interpreter must cope with them.

20. INTERPRETER IN THE PRIVATE MARKET : Preparing dealing with Anything under the sun relationships Client-providerA degree of continuity Risks The routineInsufficient income

21. THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BILINGUAL AND MULTILINGUAL MEETING: The interpreter in bilingual meeting The interpreter in multilingual meeting

22. GENERAL MEETINGS Technical Meetings What does the interpreter needs in general meetings? What does the interpreter needs in Technical meetings? * Knowledge * Vocabulary * Glossary * specific information

23. _ THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFERENCE INTERPRETER'S WORK IS VARIETY. _ The interpreter will be confronted by different physical working conditions. _ The interpreter will be faced with a literally infinite range of subject matters. _ The interpreter has a vas filed to work in and must therefore have broad general knowledge.

24. Definitions and Examples Used in this Book

25. The Definitions The interrupter means a conference interpreter. The consecutive and simultaneous sometimes used as nouns. The speaker always means the original speaker to be interpreted and should not be confused with the interpreter, even if the latter is "speaking".

28. The Examples The examples are totally fictitious, since this helps avoid involuntary indiscretion about meetings which actually occurred. Some of the examples may seem a little stilted, yet they have the advantage of being a tailor-made for the point they are illustrating. Sometimes for example to work they need to be fitted into a mini- scenario. These will be presented as briefly as possible, so the reader is invited to make a little effort of imagination to understand the situation the interpreter is in.

29. The examples of texts to be interpreted will be given solely in English. When we discuss the problems arising out of different grammatical and syntactical structures in different languages. The source language text will be presented in "English", but using the grammar of a different language. The whole will be accompanied with necessary explanations in English.