1. Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation

2. The Human Body – An Orientation Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

3. Anatomy – Levels of Study Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable Microscopic Anatomy Very small structures

4. Levels of Structural Organization

5. Organ System Overview Integumentary Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury

6. Skeletal Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement

7. Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat

8. Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change

9. Endocrine Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

10. Cardiovascular Made of blood vessels and the heart. Transports gasses, nutrients, waste products, hormones, etc through the body.

11. Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

12. Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide

13. Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

14. Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water /Electrolytes

15. Reproductive Production of offspring

16. Necessary Life Functions Movement Maintain Boundaries Responsiveness Digestion Metabolism Excretion Reproduction Growth

17. Survival Needs n Nutrients n Oxygen Water Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate

18. Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli) Sends information to control center

19. Control center Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response

20. Effector n Provides a means for response to the stimulus

21. Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

22. Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood clotting and birth of a baby