2. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-1 McGraw-Hill/Irwin 19 Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles

3. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-2 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Managerial accounting provides information for managers of an organization who plan and control its operations. Financial accounting provides information to stockholders, creditors and others who are outside the organization. Managerial and Financial Accounting

4. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-3 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Planning Formulating Long- and Short-Term Plans Controlling 1. Measuring Actual Performance Implementing Plans Directing and Motivating Controlling 2. Evaluating Actual Performance versus Planned Performance Begin FEED BACK MONI TORING Planning and Control

5. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-4 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Nature of Managerial Accounting Exh. 19-2

6. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-5 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Increased Relevance of Managerial Accounting Customer Orientation Global Economy Lean Business Model Elimination of Waste Satisfy the Customer Positive Return

7. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-6 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Lean Practices Customer Orientation in a Global Economy

8. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-7 McGraw-Hill/Irwin on Quality throughout the production process. Rewards for employees who find defects. Employees encouraged to try new methods to improve quality. Company emphasizes value of quality through quality awards. Total Quality Management

9. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-8 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Complete products just in time to ship to customers. Complete parts just in time for assembly into products. Receive materials just in time for production. Schedule production. Receive customer orders. Just-In-Time (JIT) Manufacturing

10. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-9 McGraw-Hill/Irwin New ways to improve operations Continuous Improvement

11. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-10 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Labor Costs Variable Costs Use of Technology AutomationOverhead Fixed Costs Increase Decrease Implications of Manufacturing Management Principles

12. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-11 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Behavior Traceability Controllability Relevance Function Cost Accounting Concepts

13. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-12 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do not change when activity changes. Total variable costs change in proportion to activity changes. Classification by Behavior

14. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-13 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Activity Cost Activity Cost Classification by Behavior Cost behavior means how a cost will react to changes in the level of business activity. Total fixed costs do not change when activity changes. Total variable costs change in proportion to activity changes.

15. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-14 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Direct costs Costs incurred for the benefit of one specific cost object. Examples: material and labor cost for a product. Indirect costs Costs incurred for the benefit of more than one cost object. Example: maintenance expenditures benefiting two or more departments. Classification by Traceability

16. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-15 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The degree of control depends on the level of management in the organization. More Control Very little control Classification by Controllability

17. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-16 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The potential benefit that is given up when one alternative is selected over another. Example: If you were not attending college, you could be earning $20,000 per year. Your opportunity cost of attending college for one year is $20,000. Classification by Relevance: Opportunity Costs

18. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-17 McGraw-Hill/Irwin All costs incurred in the past that cannot be changed by any decision made now or in the future. Sunk costs should not be considered in decisions. Example: You bought an automobile that cost $15,000 two years ago. The $15,000 cost is sunk because whether you drive it, park it, trade it, or sell it, you cannot change the $15,000 cost. Classification by Relevance: Sunk Costs

19. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-18 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The Product Classification by Function: Product Costs Direct Labor Direct Material Manufacturing Overhead

20. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-19 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Period costs are expenses not charged to the product. Classification by Function: Period Costs Administrative Costs Nonmanufacturing costs of staff support and administrative functions – accounting, data processing, personnel, research and development. Selling Costs Costs incurred to obtain customer orders and to deliver finished goods to customers – advertising and shipping.

21. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-20 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Period Costs (Expenses) Product Costs (Inventory) Inventory Not Sold in 2002 Operating Expenses Cost of Goods Sold Raw Materials Goods in Process Finished Goods Cost of Goods Sold 2002 Costs Incurred 2002 Income Statement 2003 Income Statement 2002 Balance Sheet Inventory Sold in 2002 Period and Product Costs in Financial Statements Exh. 19-8

22. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-21 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Potential Multiple Cost Classifications Exh. 19-9

23. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-22 McGraw-Hill/Irwin I suppose these same cost concepts apply to service companies. Cost Concepts for Service Companies

24. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-23 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Merchandisers...  Buy finished goods.  Sell finished goods. SaleMart Manufacturers...  Buy raw materials.  Produce and sell finished goods. Reporting Manufacturing Activities

25. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-24 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Manufacturing Inventory Classifications Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer Raw Materials Finished Goods Goods in Process

26. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-25 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Completed products for sale. Materials waiting to be processed. Partially complete products. Material to which some labor and/or overhead have been added. Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer Raw Materials Finished Goods Goods in Process

27. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-26 McGraw-Hill/Irwin MERCHANDISER Current Assets  Cash  Receivables  Merchandise Inventory MANUFACTURER Current Assets  Cash  Receivables  Inventories Raw Materials Goods in Process Finished Goods The only difference is inventory. Balance Sheet of a Manufacturer

28. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-27 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Beginning Merchandise Inventory Beginning Finished Goods Inventory Cost of Goods Purchased Cost of Goods Manufactured Ending Merchandise Inventory Ending Finished Goods Inventory Cost of Goods Sold MerchandiserManufacturer + _ + == _ The major difference Income Statement of a Manufacturer

29. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-28 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cost of goods sold for manufacturers differs only slightly from cost of goods sold for merchandisers. Income Statement of a Manufacturer

30. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-29 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Direct Materials Materials that are clearly and easily identified with a particular product. Direct Materials Materials that are clearly and easily identified with a particular product. Example: Steel used to manufacture the automobile. Example: Steel used to manufacture the automobile. Income Statement of a Manufacturer

31. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-30 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Direct Labor Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the finished product. Direct Labor Labor costs that are clearly traceable to, or readily identifiable with, the finished product. Example: Wages paid to an automobile assembly worker. Example: Wages paid to an automobile assembly worker. Income Statement of a Manufacturer

32. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-31 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Factory Overhead All factory costs except direct material and direct labor. Factory costs that cannot be traced directly to specific units produced. Factory Overhead All factory costs except direct material and direct labor. Factory costs that cannot be traced directly to specific units produced. Examples: Indirect labor – maintenance Indirect material – cleaning supplies Factory utility costs Supervisory costs Income Statement of a Manufacturer

33. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-32 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Direct Material Direct Labor Manufacturing Overhead Prime Cost Conversion Cost Manufacturing costs are often combined as follows: Income Statement of a Manufacturer

34. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-33 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Question What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account? a.Income statement expense account. b.Balance sheet inventory account. c.Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor. d.Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor. What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account? a.Income statement expense account. b.Balance sheet inventory account. c.Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor. d.Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor.

35. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-34 McGraw-Hill/Irwin What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account? a.Income statement expense account. b.Balance sheet inventory account. c.Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor. d.Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor. What type of account is the manufacturing goods in process account? a.Income statement expense account. b.Balance sheet inventory account. c.Temporary clearing account for direct material and direct labor. d.Holding account for manufacturing overhead and direct labor. Question

36. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-35 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Question The primary distinction between product and period costs is... a.Product costs are expensed in the period incurred. b.Product costs are directly traceable to product units. c.Product costs are inventoriable. d.Period costs are inventoriable. The primary distinction between product and period costs is... a.Product costs are expensed in the period incurred. b.Product costs are directly traceable to product units. c.Product costs are inventoriable. d.Period costs are inventoriable.

37. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-36 McGraw-Hill/Irwin The primary distinction between product and period costs is... a.Product costs are expensed in the period incurred. b.Product costs are directly traceable to product units. c.Product costs are inventoriable. d.Period costs are inventoriable. The primary distinction between product and period costs is... a.Product costs are expensed in the period incurred. b.Product costs are directly traceable to product units. c.Product costs are inventoriable. d.Period costs are inventoriable. Question

38. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-37 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Finished goods beginning inventory Cost of goods Manufactured Finished goods ending inventory Raw materials beginning inventory Raw materials purchases Raw Materials ending inventory Cost of goods sold Goods in process beginning inventory Direct Labor Factory overhead Raw materials used Sales activityProduction activity Materials activity Flow of Manufacturing Activities Goods in process ending inventory Exh. 19-15

39. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-38 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cost of all goods completed and transferred from goods in process to finished goods during a reporting period. Direct Materials Used +Direct Labor +Manufacturing Overhead =Cost to Manufacture +Beginning Work in Process – Ending Work in Process =Cost of Goods Manufactured Manufacturing Statement

40. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-39 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Let’s take a look at Rocky Mountain Bikes’ Manufacturing Statement. Manufacturing Statement

41. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-40 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

42. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-41 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

43. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-42 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Include all direct labor costs incurred during the current period. Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

44. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-43 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

45. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-44 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Beginning work in process inventory is carried over from the prior period. Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

46. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-45 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Ending work in process inventory contains the cost of unfinished goods, and is reported in the current assets section of the balance sheet. Manufacturing Statement Exh. 19-16

47. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-46 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Unit Contribution Margin Contribution margin contributes to covering fixed costs and generating profits.

48. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-47 McGraw-Hill/Irwin Unit Contribution Margin Contribution margin ratio is the portion of each sales dollar remaining after deducting total unit variable cost.

49. © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2002 Slide 19-48 McGraw-Hill/Irwin End of Chapter 19