1. Protozoa ______________ – animal-like protists 65,000 species
most are ______________ , colonies are rare
vary in shape
lack a cell wall & chloroplasts
Some have a 2-stage life cycle:
______________ - motile feeding stage
______________– a dormant resistant stage
Many free-living species (have contractile vacuole)

2. Protozoa – life cycle

3. Protozoa nutrition
most are free-living in a moist habitat all are ______________
feed by engulfing other microbes & organic matter or absorbing through membrane
Reproduction:
asexual and/or sexual

4. Locomotion most have locomotor structures –
flagella, cilia, or pseudopods
Some have both flagella and pseudopods
Some glide or flex

5. Groups based on locomotion & reproduction
______________– flagellates
______________– amebas
______________– ciliates
______________–motility not well developed but some move by gliding/flexing

6. Mastigophora – flagellates
Move by flagella, some also have pseudopods
Usually single nucleus, some have multiple
Reproduce asexually (mitosis, longitudinal fission) and some sexually (syngamy)
Most are free-living, cyst-formers
Some ___________lack certain organelles
Many parasitic members

7. Figure 5.28 7 7

8. Termite flagellates Mutualistic symbiosis Digests wood for insect
Mastigophora
Termite flagellates
Mutualistic symbiosis
Digests wood for insect
______________
(many flagella!)
Trichonympha

9. Giardia lamblia Intestinal parasite (______________)
Mastigophora
Intestinal parasite (______________)
Characteristic teardrop shape
2 nuclei and sucking discs
Multiple flagella and internal filaments
Spread ______________ ______________
Causes mucus-filled, flatulent ______________
trophozoites
cysts

11. Trichomonas vaginalis
Mastigophora
______________
Has axostyle, undulating membrane and free flagella
Parasite of the reproductive tract
Spread ___________ (trophozoite)
Frothy, green, purulent discharge
Men can be asymptomatic carriers.

12. Mastigophora
Leishmania
Transmitted by insects (sandflies) Infects blood and organs of mammalian host
Causes a variety of diseases, dependent on species
Can live ______________

13. Trypanosoma species
Mastigophora
Transmitted by insects – Africa (tsetse flies, African Sleeping Sickness); South America (kissing bugs – Chagas’ disease)
Lives extracellularly (African) and intracellularly (SA )

14. Sarcodina – amebas
Locomotion – ______________ , some have flagellated states
Asexual reproduction – fission
Some amoebas have a hard shell made of minerals – radiolarians, foraminiferans
Most are free living

15. Sarcodina
pseudopods
Can be lobular, blunt, branched, filamentous (long and pointed)
Cytoplasm flows in pseudopod (ectoplasm)
Used for feeding, protection and movement
Results in constantly changing cell shape

16. Figure 5.29
Sarcodina
General structure 16 16

17. Entamoeba histolytica
Sarcodina
Causes ______________ - bloody diarrhea
Can invade extra-intestinal sites (ulcer  systemic)
______________ found in fresh feces, host intestine
Old infection or feces – ______________ stage
______________ transmission

18. Sarcodina

19. Geographic Distribution: Worldwide, with higher incidence of amebiasis in developing countries.  In industrialized countries, risk groups include male homosexuals, travelers and recent immigrants, and institutionalized populations. WHY????

20. Ciliophora – ciliates Use cilia for movement or feeding
Can have more than one nucleus (macronucleus, micronucleus)
Feed through a “mouth” like structure (oral groove, ______________ )
Some reproduce sexually via conjugation – and exchange micronuclei

21. Basic structure of ciliates
Ciliophora

22. ciliophora
Balantidium coli
cyst
trophozoites

23. Apicomplexa all are ______________
Trophozoites move by gliding or flexion (see movie) or are non-motile
Complex life cycles – produce infective stage called ______________
produce unique reproductive structures (sexual and asexual reproduction)

24. General structure of Apicomplexa

25. Malaria Caused by ______________ species Transmitted by mosquitoes
Apicomplexa
Malaria
Caused by ______________ species
Transmitted by mosquitoes
Kills ______________ , infects M
Intracellular and extracellular stages
______________

26. Toxoplasmosis Toxoplasma gondii Acquired from ________
Apicomplexa
Toxoplasma gondii
Acquired from ________
Causes multiple symptoms – pregnant women_______________
____________
Re-emerging disease due to AIDS
Intra and extracellular stages

30. Cryptosporidium spp.
Modified acid-fast stain of oocysts in fecal smear

31. 31 31

32. Protozoan ID and culture
Morphology (cilia, flagella, etc. size, shape, #)
Location in body (such as presence of cyst or troph in feces)
Number of nuclei
May be cultured for additional ID
Can be cultured in media or with cell/animal model