1. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 1 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Network Architecture Customer terminals 20% Outside plant, cables 29% Switching equipment 25% Multiplexing and Transmission equipment 15% Buildings, land, other 11%

2. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 2 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Network Types

3. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 3 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Trade-off Between Switching and Transmission Costs in Network Architecture

4. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 4 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Trade-off Between Switching and Transmission Costs in Network Architecture

5. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 5 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Network Types

6. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 6 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Concept of a “Homing Plan”

7. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 7 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Subscriber “Loop” Plant (N. America)

8. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 8 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Subscriber “Loop” Plant (UK)

9. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 9 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Subscriber “Loop” Plant

10. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 10 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Twisted Pair Cable Each change of 3 gauge numbers is a factor of 2 in wire area (cross section), this a factor of 2 in resistance / unit length

11. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 11 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inductive Loading - “Load Coils”

12. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 12 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Inductive Loading - Lumped “Load Coils”

13. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 13 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Effect on Transfer Function of Twisted Pair

14. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 14 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Example Calculation of Cutoff Frequency

15. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 15 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Subscriber Line Signalling

16. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 16 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Address Signalling Dial Pulsing Dual-Tone Multi- frequency (DTMF)

17. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 17 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering DTMF Receiver

18. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 18 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2-Wire to 4-Wire Conversion Any telephone call undergoes 2W-4W conversions: - from the phone (4W) to the subscriber line (2W) - from the subscriber line (2W) to the network interface (4W) Overall structure of any phone connection “2W” “4W”

19. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 19 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2W to 4W conversion: The “Hybrid Coupler” Circuit

20. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 20 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2W to 4W conversion: The “Hybrid Coupler” Circuit

21. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 21 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Electronic Hybrid Coupler

22. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 22 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Concept of Hybrid Return Loss Echo return loss (ERL) = average attention of power reflected at the 2W-4W interface Singing Return Loss (SRL) = minimum attenuation to reflected power at any frequency coming back from the 2W-4W interface

23. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 23 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Psophometric and “C Weighting” Noise Filters

24. Graphics courtesy of Prof. D. Dodds, Univ. of Saskatchewan 24 EE489 – Telecommunication Systems Engineering –University of Alberta, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering Example