1. Atoms, Minerals, Rocks and Soil SJCHS

2. Compounds Compounds: 2+ atoms bonded together Chemical formula: states the elements in a compound and the number Example: Water: 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen Glucose: 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen Salt: 1 Sodium, 1 Chlorine NaCl C 6 H 12 O 6 H2OH2O

3. Compounds Ionic Bond: Charged atoms electrically attracted to each other

4. Compounds Covalent Bond: Atoms share electrons

5. Compounds Organic Compound: Contains 2 or more carbon Inorganic Compound: Has less than 2 carbon

7. Mineral Minerals: The building blocks of rocks

8. Mineral Mineral: Naturally occurring: Not synthetic (made in factory or laboratory)

9. Mineral Mineral: Usually inorganic

10. Mineral Mineral: Specific Chemical Composition: Minerals have a specific chemical formula Silicate minerals: Contains Silicon and Oxygen Compounds Nonsilicate minerals: No Silicon and Oxygen Compounds Pyrite: FeS 2 Quartz: SiO 2

11. Mineral Mineral: Crystal: A solid whose atoms or compounds are arranged in a repeating pattern Salt crystal: NaCl

12. Conflict Minerals http://video.pbs.org/video/1622330246/ Diamond Factory http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tech/artifici al-diamonds.html

13. Rock Rock: More than one mineral bonded together Rocks change into other types by the rock cycle (long process)

14. Rock Cycle Igneous Forms when magma solidifies

15. Rock Cycle Metamorphic Forms when rocks change due to heating and extreme pressure

16. Rock Cycle Sedimentary Forms when: Rocks uplifted from underneath surface of Earth, weathered (broken down)/eroded (transported away) into sediments Lithification of Sediment (rock pieces joined together)

17. Rock cycle review video http://video.mit.edu/watch/the-rock- cycle-13527/

18. Soil Soil: Mixture of weathered/eroded rocks, minerals, nutrients, organic matter, water, air, and organisms

19. Soil Horizons: Soil layers O: Litter- organic matter, organisms A: Topsoil-decomposed organic matter, organisms, nutrients and minerals for plant B: Subsoil- Inorganic matter, minerals C: Parent Material- Rock that was originally weathered to make soil Different climates have different combinations of horizons

20. Soil Texture: Percentage of different size particles by mass Clay: less than 0.002 mm- sticky Silt: 0.002-0.05 mm- floury Sand: 0.05-2 mm- gritty

21. Soil Texture determines: plasticity (change of shape) water and nutrient retention Loam: Best for growing most plants

22. 30% clay, 15% silt, 55% sand

23. 60% clay, 20% silt, 20% sand

24. 15% clay, 40% silt, 45% sand

25. 30% clay, 60% silt, 10% sand

26. Soil Soil color can indicate chemical makeup Dark brown/ brown-red- Organic chemicals Red/Yellow- Iron White/Gray- Minerals

27. Soil Soil erosion and degradation is a problem for agriculture Caused by overgrazing, deforestation, addition of chemicals Desertification: Top soil is lost, land is dried

28. Desertification in Africa http://video.pbs.org/video/2255768384/