1. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 1/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) AIRBORNE ELECTRO-OPTICAL SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE SYSTEMS, MISSION AND TRADEOFF ANALYSIS Dr. Ehud Zamir WALES, Ltd., Israel 1 st Annual Israel Multinational BMD Conference & Exhibition

2. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 2/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) PRESENTATION TOPICS Overview Sensor Suite Missions Typical Sensors Attributes of EO Sensors Conclusions and Summary AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

3. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 3/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) OVERVIEW Ballistic Missile Defense Systems require a set of sensors (sensors suite) for detection and tracking of the targets Data generated by the Sensor Suite prior to target’s engagement is used for prediction of threat trajectories, generation of sky picture, selection of targets, and generation of defense (interception) plan Data generated by the Sensor Suite is also critical for post interception missions (e.g. kill assessment) AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

4. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 4/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSOR SUITE MISSIONS Sensor Suite missions can be summarized as: –Detection and early warning –Tracking and prediction of target’s trajectory –Collect data for classification, discrimination, and identification of targets –Support target selection –Post intercept missions: *Kill assessment *Collecting data on threat targets (battlefield learning) AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

5. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 5/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) TYPICAL SENSORS - TECHNICAL FEATURES Typically (due to difference in wavelength and size considerations) the accuracy of angular measurements by EO Sensors is much better than the accuracy of angular measurements by RF Sensors A passive EO Sensor can typically measure only azimuth and elevation of the target An active Sensor (both RF and EO) can typically measure azimuth, elevation, range, and/or range rate of the target AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

6. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 6/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) ANGULAR ACCURACY OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC SENSORS Angular accuracy of EM sensor is limited by the diffraction limit Where λ is the wavelength and D is the antenna dimension Diffraction limits for typical EO and RF sensors: SensorTypical Wavelength Typical Dimension Diffraction Limit EO, Visible0.5 μ m0.5 m2.4 μ rad EO, MWIR5 μ m0.5 m24 μ rad EO, LWIR10 μ m0.5 m49 μ rad RF, X-Band3 cm10 m7.3 mrad RF, C-Band6 cm10 m15 mrad RF, L-Band20 cm10 m49 mrad AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

7. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 7/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - DETECTION AND EARLY WARNING Requirement: –Detect all BM targets in the threat scenario as early as possible Space based EO sensors can detect BM in the boost phase and they have a very wide coverage. Early warning by GEO satellites is well established and proven Airborne EO sensors can detect BM in the boost (limited by sensor’s horizon) and post-boost phases of their flight Both airborne EO sensors and ground based RF sensors are limited by the horizon and detection range of the sensor AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

8. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 8/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) LINE-OF-SIGHT RESTRICTION BY SENSOR’S HORIZON Restriction to Line-of-Sight (LOS) of sensors due to sensor’s horizon Airborne, El=0º Ground based, El=2º Ground based, El=4º Ground based, El=6º Restriction for ground based sensor (El>2º) is more severe than high altitude airborne sensor (El=0º)  In many cases earlier detection by airborne EO sensor Restriction for ground based sensor (El>2º) is more severe than high altitude airborne sensor (El=0º)  In many cases earlier detection by airborne EO sensor AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

9. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 9/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - TRACKING AND TRAJECTORY PREDICTION Requirements: –Track BM targets and predict their trajectories, within the budgeted time, with the accuracy required for cueing of other sensors and/or planning of interception –Have the capacity to track all BM targets in the threat scenario The accuracy of angular measurements by EO Sensors is much better than the accuracy of angular measurements by RF Sensors An active RF Sensor can measure azimuth and elevation, as well as range and range rate of the target AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

10. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 10/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - TRACKING AND TRAJECTORY PREDICTION (Cont.) Trajectory prediction with single RF sensor will typically converge faster than trajectory prediction with single EO sensor Fusion of data from a combination of RF and EO Sensors will result in faster convergence of the trajectory An optimal mix of active RF and passive EO sensors provides faster solution for interception plan, wider battle-space, and more efficient utilization of the tracking resources AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

11. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 11/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) DATA FUSION – PREDICTION ACCURACY Prediction accuracy as a function of tracking time (assuming 1 Hz data rate) for typical sensors: (1) EO sensor, (2) RF sensor, (3) two EO sensors, and (4) a suite of EO and RF sensors EO Sensor RF Sensor 2 EO Sensors EO & RF Sensors AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

12. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 12/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - CLASSIFICATION, DISCRIMINATION, IDENTIFICATION, AND TARGET SELECTION Requirements: –Collect data for classification and discrimination of objects in the sky picture –Identify the target in the environment of motor stages, PenAids, and interception debris RF sensors can provide data on RCS and dynamics of objects Dual and triple bands EO sensors can collect data on IR signature, surface temperature, and relative size of the objects Diversification of sensors, and wavelength bands, increases the reliability of discrimination processes and the probability of identification of targets among other objects in the sky picture AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

13. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 13/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - POST INTERCEPT MISSIONS Requirements. Collect data for: –Kill assessment –Identification of RV after “No-Kill” event –Debriefing and battlefield learning Kill Assessment is an essential tool in Ballistic Missile Defense architecture in order to achieve high level of defense (P k ) at affordable cost Interception blast can be detected, and categorized, by airborne visible sensor for few seconds after interception Post interception aerosol cloud can be detected by airborne IR sensor for few minutes (depending on altitude) after interception AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

14. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 14/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) SENSORS ATTRIBUTES - DIVERSIFICATION Diversification of wavelength bands in the Sensors Suite provides for: –Immunity to counter measures –Increase the number of features available for discrimination –Increase the number of features available for discrimination and post interception missions (KA) –Increase reliability and system robustness Visible Radar Infrared AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

15. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 15/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY A mix of sensor types and wavelength bands is required in order to optimize performance of the Sensor Suite Airborne EO sensor can detect targets below the horizon of ground based RF sensor, resulting in earlier detection Fusion of track data from EO and RF sensors reduces the required tracking time, and sensors load Data collected by EO sensor increases reliability of discrimination and target selection processes AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

16. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 16/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10) CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY (Cont.) Data collected by EO sensor increases reliability of post interception mission (e.g. KA) Diversification of wavelengths bands provides better immunity against counter-measures Diversification of wavelengths bands increases system reliability and robustness Airborne EO Sensors can be highly effective and beneficial in any Ballistic Missile Defense architecture AIRBORNE EO SENSORS FOR BALLISTIC MISSILE DEFENSE

17. MAY 2010 WALES, Ltd. AirBorne EO Sensor for BMD - 17/17 UNCLASSIFIED Approved for Public Release - 10-MDA-5450 (04 MAY 10)