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2. Today: Notes on cardio: finished
Wed – Thurs: labs/study guides
Fri: Test on cardio. Then urinalysis
Mon: finish urinalysis if needed
Mon – Fri: finish all labs and written work
Thurs: Test on Urinary
Friday: All due or 0

3. Heart Sounds
Lubb
Dupp

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5. Figure 18.5: The systemic and pulmonary circuits
Capillary beds
of lungs where
gas exchange
occurs
Pulmonary Circuit
Pulmonary
arteries
Pulmonary
veins
Aorta and
branches
Venae
cavae
Left
atrium
Left
ventricle
Right
atrium
Heart
Right
ventricle
Systemic Circuit
Key:
Capillary
beds of all
body tissues
where gas
exchange
occurs
= Oxygen-rich,
CO2-poor blood
= Oxygen-poor,
CO2-rich blood

6. Pathways of Blood Flow
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Anastamoses

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F. Electrocardiogram
1. An electrocardiogram is a recording of the electrical changes that occur during a cardiac cycle.
2. The first wave, the P wave, corresponds to the depolarization of the atria.
3. The QRS complex corresponds to the depolarization of ventricles and hides the repolarization of atria.
See Charts and diagrams for this information

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4. The T waves end the ECG pattern and corresponds to ventricular repolarization.
See Charts and diagrams for this information

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12. Note How Exchange takes place at capillary beds
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Note How Exchange takes place at capillary beds

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 Blood Pressure
A. Blood pressure is the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels anywhere in the cardiovascular system, although the term "blood pressure" usually refers to arterial pressure.

14. B. Arterial Blood Pressure
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B. Arterial Blood Pressure
1. Arterial blood pressure rises and falls following a pattern established by the cardiac cycle.
a. During ventricular contraction, arterial pressure is at its highest (systolic pressure).
b. When ventricles are relaxing, arterial pressure is at its lowest (diastolic pressure).

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2. The surge of blood that occurs with ventricular contraction can be felt at certain points in the body as a pulse.
Cardiac Output: Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute. Consists of:
Stroke Volume: Amount of blood ejected per contraction
Heart Rate per minute
CO = SV X PR
CO = 70 mL X 72 bpm
5,040 mL/min

16. The velocity of blood flow varies in the circulatory system
And is slowest in the capillary beds as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area
Blood pressure
Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel
Figure 42.11
5,000 4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
Aorta
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins
Venae cavae
Pressure (mm Hg)
Velocity (cm/sec)
Area (cm2)
Systolic pressure
Diastolic pressure
50 40 30 20 10 80 60 40
Systolic pressure
Is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole
Is the highest pressure in the arteries
Diastolic pressure
Is the pressure in the arteries during diastole
Is lower than systolic pressure

17. Can be easily measured in humans
Blood pressure
Can be easily measured in humans
Blood pressure is determined partly by cardiac output
And partly by peripheral resistance due to variable constriction of the arterioles
Figure 42.12
Artery
Rubber cuff inflated with air
Artery closed
120
Pressure in cuff above 120
Pressure in cuff below 120
Pressure in cuff below 70
Sounds audible in stethoscope
Sounds stop
Blood pressure
reading: 120/70
A typical blood pressure reading for a 20-year-old is 120/70. The units for these numbers are mm of mercury (Hg); a blood pressure of 120 is a force that can support a column of mercury 120 mm high. 1
A sphygmomanometer, an inflatable cuff attached to a pressure gauge, measures blood pressure in an artery. The cuff is wrapped around the upper arm and inflated until the pressure closes the artery, so that no blood flows past the cuff. When this occurs, the pressure exerted by the cuff exceeds the pressure in the artery. 2
A stethoscope is used to listen for sounds of blood flow below the cuff. If the artery is closed, there is no pulse below the cuff. The cuff is gradually deflated until blood begins to flow into the forearm, and sounds from blood pulsing into the artery below the cuff can be heard with the stethoscope. This occurs when the blood pressure is greater than the pressure exerted by the cuff. The pressure at this point is the systolic pressure. 3
The cuff is loosened further until the blood flows freely through the artery and the sounds below the cuff disappear. The pressure at this point is the diastolic pressure remaining in the artery when the heart is relaxed. 4 70

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Veins have Valves

19. Major Arteries
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21. Arteries where the pulse is often taken: Brachial and Radial.
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Arteries where the pulse is often taken: Brachial and Radial.

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24. Vein where blood is taken = Median cubital.
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Vein where blood is taken = Median cubital.