1. The Solar System

3. 19.00.a1 Mercury Sun Venus Earth Mars Asteroids Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Other objects Observe our solar system Four inner planets called terrestrial planets Four outer planets are called gas giants Relative sizes and distances are not to scale!

4. 19.01.a Images of Saturn using various processing methods Images of Mars with and without a dust stormfrom the Hubble telescope that orbits Earth Images of Mars with and without a dust storm from the Hubble telescope that orbits Earth Observations Using Telescopes

5. 19.01.b Radar of Venus shows bright areas (rough) and darker areas (smooth) Radio waves sent from spacecraft to surface Waves reflect back if surface is rough or faces spacecraft Waves bounce away surface smooth or slopes away from spacecraft Waves bounce away if surface smooth or slopes away from spacecraft Using Radar to Study Planetary Surfaces

6. 19.01.c1 Remotely Observing Temperature and Composition Measure infrared energy given off: calculate temperature of surface or mineral composition Reds show warmer areas, blues are cooler Blue crater floor inferred to be loose sediment that cooled quickly

7. 19.01.d Remotely exploring planets and moons using landers Geologist collecting samples on Moon Remotely exploring Mars using rovers Exploring the Surfaces of Other Planets and Moons

8. Channel Ice cap Dust Bedrock 19.03.d Enough atmosphere to maintain ice caps Dust and sand cover much of surface: dust storms and dunes Mostly basalt lava with some sedimentary rocks Evidence of flowing water in past Mars, the Red Planet

9. 19.08.a The Geology of Mars Valles Marineris rift Slope failures Layered rock Dunes in crater Largest volcano Outflow channels

10. 19.08.b What Have We Learned from Landers and Rovers on Mars? Mars rovers Investigate composition, temperature, and takes photos Layered rocks Meteorite Layered rocks (reflect water?) Spheres of hematite

11. What Can We Observe About a Planet or Moon? 19.02.a AtmosphereCompositionImpacts TectonicsVolcanism Erosion and deposition

12. 19.02.b Impact forms crater and fractures rocks Object from space collides with surface, as comet did on Jupiter Crater surround by apron of ejected pieces Impacts and Craters

13. 19.02.d Weathering and erosion Deposition and slope failures Wind How Water and Wind Modify a Planet’s Surface

14. 19.02.m1 More craters indicate surface exposed longer Smoother surfaces modified later by tectonics, volcanism, erosion, or deposition Crater abundance (density) tells us relative age of surfaces What can the abundance of craters tell us about the age of a surface?