1. Chapter 4.8 Specialized Plant Organelles AP Biology Fall 2010

2. Objective Describe the structure and function of the chloroplast Understand the differences between chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amyloplasts Describe the structure and function of the central vacuole

3. Chloroplasts and Plastids Plastids: organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants Three types: – Chloroplasts – Chromoplasts – Amyloplasts

4. Chloroplasts Chloroplast: oval or disk shaped organelles, bounded by a double membrane, and specialized for photosynthesis

5. Chloroplasts Structure: – Two outer membranes enclose their semifluid interior, the stroma – In the stroma, third membrane forms a single compartment that is commonly folded in intricate ways – Fold resemble stack of flattened disks, called granum – Photosynthesis occurs in thylakoid membrane

6. Chlorplasts In simpler terms: – Stroma: semifluid interior – Thylakoid: contains chlorophyll and other pigments, individual units – Granum: stacks of thylakoids

8. Chloroplasts In the innermost membrane, stacked disks (thylakoids), pigments, and enzymes trap sunlight energy to form ATP and NADPH Sugars and starches are formed in the fluid substance (stroma) surrounding the stacks Pigments such as chlorophyll (green) confer distinctive colours to the chloroplasts

9. Chloroplasts Chlorophyll reflect green light Many kinds of accessory pigments assist chlorophyll in capturing light Energy drives reactions – ATP and NADPH form – ATP and NADPH used at sites in stroma where sugars, starches assembled – Starch grains: new starch molecules that accumulate in stroma

10. Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are like photosynthetic bacteria and may have evolved through endosymbiosis like mitochondria

11. Chromoplasts Chromoplasts: store red and brown pigments (carotenoids) that give colour to flowers, autumn leaves, fruits, and roots Have no chlorophyll Attract animals

12. Amyloplasts Amyloplasts: colourless, lack pigments – Store starch grains, and are abundant in stem cells, tubers, and seeds – Found in stems, potato tubers (underground stems), and seeds

13. Comparison

14. Central Vacuoles Central Vacuoles: – Fluid filled vacuoles – In a mature plant, the central vacuole may occupy 50 to 90% of the cell interior – Store amino acids, sugars, ions, and wastes – Vacuole enlarges during growth and greatly increases the cell’s outer surface area Enlarged cell, with more surface area, has an enhanced ability to absorb nutrients

15. Central Vacuole

16. Review 1.Describe differences between amyloplasts, chloroplasts, and chromoplasts 2.What are the main structural components of the chloroplasts?

17. Answers 1.Amyloplasts are pigment free, store starch grains. Chromoplasts have no chlorophyll, have abundance of carotenoids, colours attract animals. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles for photosynthesis, contain chlorophyll. 2.Clorplasts: – Stroma: semifluid interior – Thylakoid: contains chlorophyll and other pigments, individual units – Granum: stacks of thylakoids