1. Europeans Claim Muslim Lands

2. I. Europeans Grab Territory 1800s: North Africa = Ottomans Geopolitics: an interest in or taking of land for its strategic location of products Ottomans: controlled access to Med. & Atl. Landlocked countries had to go thru Ottoman lands (Russia)

4. A. Russia & the Crimean War Russia = wanted land on Black Sea 1853: war betw. Russians & Otts.  Crimean War (Crimean Pen.) Brits. & Fr. allied w/Otts. to stop Russia Ott. Emp’s. weakness revealed WWI = small & in decline

5. II. British in Egypt Egypt = ruled by Ott. khedive by mid-1800s 1854: Ferdinand de Lesseps began Suez Canal  Egyptian govt. bought ½ of stock in co.  Fr. citizens bought rest 1869: canal was completed  Khedive = Isma’il (big spender) Increased debt by 2,000%

7. Isma’il = sell stock in Suez Canal  Gave Brits. opp. to control canal 1875: Brits. = largest single stockholder 1879: Isma’il was deposed  His successor was challenged by nationalist group (rebellion) 1882: Brits. occupied Egypt  Brit. fleet attacked Alexandria  Occupied Cairo