1.  SIGMUND FREUD: SOCIALIZATION as PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

2.  How does Freud explain socialization and self development?  Through a process of psychosexual development with the following stages:  1. The Oral stage from birth to two  Oral gratification as the focus for pleasure seeking  Parent/child conflict over turn taking and delaying gratification  2. The Anal stage from two to four  Anal gratification as the focus for pleasure seeking  Parent/child conflict over toilet training

3.  3. Phallic stage four to seven  Discovery of genitals and masturbation  The Oedipal and Electra complexes  The young boy competes with his father for the love of the mother  The young girl competes with her mother for the love of the father  If resolved successfully the children realize that mom belongs to dad, that dad belongs to mom, and that they will have to get their own dates for New Year’s Eve  Personality development is completed: “Child is father to man.”  Self as processual and product

4.  4. Latency stage from seven to puberty  The child turns away from emotional development to pursue intellectual development  No parent/child conflicts to resolve  5. Genital stage from puberty on  Adult sexuality becomes the focus for emotional development  Parent/adolescent conflicts over friends, lovers, and whom adolescents want to become as adults

5.  STRUCTURE of the PSYCHE  Freud’s concept of psyche includes three aspects or elements: id/ego/superego  The “id” is the natural/biological side of the psyche  The id is unconscious  The id is primitive, irrational  The id operates on the ”pleasure principle”  seeking instant gratification of the actor’s needs  Especially pleasure seeking and aggressive behavior

6.  The ego is a cultural element in the Psyche that is socially constructed through interactions between parent and child  The ego is conscious  The individual as agent  The ego operates on the “reality principle”  If the individual wants the benefits of Modern Civilization, she must defer immediate gratification until she “pays her dues,” i.e., work comes before play  The ego is a mediator between: the id and superego and between the individual and society

7.  The superego is another cultural element that is socially constructed through interactions between parent and child  The superego is unconscious  “The operation of culture in the individual”  The superego is formed through the internalization of the authority of the parents  The child learns and internalizes the norms, values, and behavioral expectations of her parents  The superego is an internal control system that makes social interactions relatively smooth  aka “conscience” Thanks to Michael.T.Ryan for main contents of this ppt.