1. TRUE OR FALSE: 1.According to German researchers, the risk of heart attack is higher on Monday than any other day of the week 2.An average human drinks about 16, 000 gallons of water in a lifetime. 3.By the time you turn 70 most people will have lost most of their taste buds. 4.What is an atom? 5.Name the components of an atom.

2.  Note book check  Pass back papers  TURN IN INFO SHEETS!  Chemical basis for life- power point and activities.  Exit pass

3. Chemical Basis for Life Chapter 2

4. Why do we need Chemistry in A and P? Your human body is a highly organized and ever changing collection of chemicals. There is also a very specific amount of each of these chemicals in your body. What do you think might happen if any of these chemicals are out of balance?

5.  Any change in any of the chemicals in your body can have drastic affects on your health and could even cause death.  For example: if you have too little iron in your body this can lead to a disease known as anemia.  On the flip side, if you have too much iron you have hemochromatosis- which can eventually destroy your heart pancreas and liver.

6.  Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass.  Matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest particles of an element that still have all the properties of an element.

7.  States of Matter ◦ Solid ◦ Liquid ◦ Gas

8.  All matter is composed of substances called ELEMENTS.  Elements are what you find on the periodic table. Can anyone name any Elements?

9. What do you think are some of the major elements found in the human body?

10.  Living organisms require about 20 elements (There are 92 elements in nature and 19 made)  Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up more than 95% of the human body.  The other elements include: calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, magnesium and many other trace elements (meaning they have a very small amount: iron, zinc, copper, etc)

11.  Smallest amount of an element  Made up of 3 subatomic particles ◦ Neutrons (o) = neutral/no charge ◦ Protons (+) = positive charge ◦ Electrons (-) = negative charge

12.  Protons and Neutrons are found in the nucleus of the atom.  Electrons are in motion in the space around the nucleus. # E- = # P+ Why is this important and what does it have to do with anatomy?

13. The positive charge from the Proton and the Negative charge from the electron balance out the charge of the atom. These charges are what eventually aid in forming combinations of atoms- or chemical compounds …for example: water is made from Hydrogen and Oxygen. 1 tell 2 what you think would happen to the charge of the atom if it were to loose an electron.

14.  Proton (+) = the guy  Electron (-) = the girl  Neutron (o) = the wing man  The electron is attracted to it’s opposite charge (the proton +) so it remains in orbit around the nucleus, but it plays “hard to get” by maintaining a velocity that is fast enough that it’s never pulled into the nucleus. The neutron is there to support the nucleus but it never gets involved.

15.  STOP POINT!  Atomic structure hand out

16. Nucleus What would the electron distribution for Calcium with an atomic number of 20 be? How does this reflect to the Matterville analogy?

17. Nucleus What would the electron distribution for Neon with an atomic number of 10 be?

18. Chemical compounds are formed by chemical bonds. Atoms either lose electrons, gain electrons or share their electrons in order to form a bond with other atoms in your body. Atoms that lose or gain and electron are called ions (it is now chemically charged…the charges don’t balance)

19. Example: Na+Cl- *Na loses an electron *Cl gains an electron (they exchange electrons) The opposite charges attract and form a bond called an ionic bond 2 ask 1 why do you think Na has a tendency to lose an e- where Cl have a tendency to gain an e-?

20. Covalent bonds form when atoms share their electrons instead of exchanging them. Example: Carbon molecule:

21. H and O form a covalent bond that creates the molecule water. This molecule has + and – poles! These charges cause the water molecules to bind loosely to each other. This loose binding is known as a Hydrogen bond ( Hydrogen bond because Hydrogen is involved) (cross out #1 in notes)

22. Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds. What do you think that means? They can break apart easily. How would this be helpful in the body? Many systems require water so the molecules need to be able to break apart easily for easy transport. Cross out C and write this.

23.  STOP POINT!  IN SMALL GROUPS provide a visual demonstration/skit of your assigned Chemical Bond. This will count toward class participation points.  Hydrogen bonds, Ionic Bonds, Covalent bonds.

24.  Chemical Reaction – a process that changes one set of chemicals into another. ◦ Involves the breaking and forming of new bonds. Quantity remains the same. 1 + 1 = 2 1 + 1  2 If this represented a chemical reaction, then 1=reactants and 2 = product The reactants “react” to form the product.

25. Synthesis/Anabolic Reaction: when two or more atoms bond to form a more complex structure. Example: fixing worn or damaged tissues requires a build up of smaller molecules coming together to make a larger molecule. A + B AB

26. Decomposition/catabolic reaction: When a bond holding atoms together breaks and produces a simpler molecule. Example: Is needed for foods to be digested and energy to be released for your body to use. AB A + B

27.  All reactions need energy to occur.  Activation Energy  Activation Energy – refers to the energy needed to get the reaction started For example, you must apply force when striking a match to get the fire to start.  Rollercoaster example

28. Notice the different energy levels between the reactants and products. Example: photosynthesis – reactants of water and CO2 and energy from the sun (activation energy) creates products of Glucose and O2.

29. Notice the different energy levels between the reactants and products. Example: combustion reactions of fuels. 1 ask 2 “do you think Exothermic reactions are anabolic or catabolic and why?”

30. Catalysts  Catalyst - a substance that lowers a reactions activation energy ◦ In other words, speeds up the reaction. Enzymes  Biological Catalysts are called Enzymes.  They speed up chemical reactions in the cells. However they are not essential, for the reactions can occur on their own

31. Enzymes The names of enzymes typically end in “-ase” For example: protease splits proteins into its monomers - amino acids. What do you think carbohydrase does? Splits carbohydrates (polysaccarides) into its monomers - monosaccarides. Also used for: protein synthesis, synthesis of RNA and DNA, etc.

32.  STOP POINT!  Chemical Reactions Review worksheet.

33. Inorganic and Organic Compounds The atoms and molecules that form compounds can either be inorganic or organic. What is the difference? Inorganic Inorganic are substances that can dissolve in water or react with water to release electrolytes. Why might these be necessary for your body? Organic Organic are substances that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and do not dissolve in water. Why might these be important?

34.  The main compounds are those that react with water and can release electrolytes.  Examples: Na+, K+, Cl-  Functions: They aid in muscle and neuron functions, acid breakdown and hydration.

35. Organic Compounds found in the body Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins Carbohydrates Carbohydrates Lipids Lipids Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids Proteins Proteins What are these?

36. Carbohydrates What do you think the importance of Carbohydrates are? 1.Provide energy that your cells and body need. 2.Help build cell structures.

37. Carbohydrates Examples: 1. Sugars- 1. Sugars- Monosaccharides such as Glucose, Fructose, and Galactose 2.Disaccharides- 2.Disaccharides- Which contains two monosaccharides. Such as: sucrose 3. Polysaccharides- 3. Polysaccharides- many monosaccharides combined together like a chain. Such as: Starch, glycogen

38. LIPIDS  Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids = Lipid  Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen 1 Glycerol 3 Fatty Acid Chains

39. Lipids functions are: 1.Help in long term energy storage 2.Protection and Insulation 3.Membrane structure 4.Acting as a chemical messenger LIPIDS FUNCTION

40. Lipids can be: 1.Fats 2.Steroids 3.Phospholipids LIPIDS FORM How do you think the form relates to the function? Which type of lipid is responsible for what function?

41. Proteins Proteins Functions are: 1.Help in structure of bones and muscle 2.Regulate cell processes and chemical reactions 3.Help transport substances in and out of the cell. 4.Help fight against foreign substances Protein Forms include: 1.Enzymes 2.Hormones 3.Antibodies 4.Structural proteins

42. Proteins Which forms go with which functions?

43. Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acid Functions: 1.Form genes- store genetic info and transmit genetic information 2.Help aid in protein synthesis. Nucleic Acid Forms: 1.DNA 2.RNA

44. What are the four essential organic compounds found in living things? What is the difference between inorganic and organic compounds in the body?

45. Compound inorganic organic Example

46. Stop Point: Organic Compounds Foldable

47.  Characteristics of Living Things Group activity  At your tables brainstorm a list of things that organisms (living things) must do to be considered living. (5 minutes)  Volunteer a spokes person to come write what you came up with on the board.

48.  Brainstorming :

49. 1.Growth: 1.Growth: change in size 2.Respiration: 2.Respiration: Obtaining oxygen, releasing energy from food and storing it in ATP, removing carbon dioxide 3.Digestion: 3.Digestion: breakdown of food into nutrients 4.Absorption: 4.Absorption: movement of substances through membranes into body fluids 5.Movement: 5.Movement: change in body position or of body part, internal movement

50. 6.Responsiveness: 6.Responsiveness: Reaction to change inside or outside body 7. Reproduction 7. Reproduction: production of new organisms (not required for individual survival) and cells 8. Circulation 8. Circulation: movement of substances in body fluids 9. Excretion 9. Excretion: removal of waste products 10. Maintaining homeostasis: 10. Maintaining homeostasis: regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition

51. Brainstorm in your groups what you think your body needs to live. Hint: without it you will die- only those that are necessary- not that would be helpful.

52.  Water:  Water: provides environment for chemical reactions, transports substances, maintains body temp. (carries heat)  Pressure  Pressure  atmospheric pressure forces air into lungs, hydrostatic pressure moves blood  Food  Food  provides body with nutrients  Heat  Heat  higher the heat the faster chemical reactions occur in body  Oxygen  Oxygen  helps release energy from glucose (energy is then stored in ATP)  Sleep