1. Hand In Lab Notebook

4. The Genetics of Dog Breeds
Dogs all belong to the same species, but there are breeds
Most breeds have only been around for a few hundred years
What determines dog breeds is controlled by only 50 genes (by contrast human height alone is controlled by over 200 genes)

6. Human Influence On Dog Breeds
Human selection of dogs for different tasks (hunting, herding, protection) influenced the expression of these ~50 genes

7. Figure 1: mRNA transcript fragments for the normal FGFR3 gene (N) and for the abnormal FGFR3 (A).
NOTE: Mutations from the normal sequence are shown in bold underline.
N1: …GCCCGACUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUGGGGAGGGC UGCUUCGGCCAG…
N2: …GCCCGGCUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUGGGGAGGGC UGCUUCGGCCAG…
N3: …GCCCGGUUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUGGGGAGGGC UGCUUUGGCCAG…
A1: …GCCCGGCUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUAGGGAGGGC UGCUUCGGCCAG…
A2: …GCCCGGUUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUAGGGAGGGC UGCUUCGGCCAG…
A3: …GCCCGGCUGACC CUGGGCAAGCCC CUUAGGGAGGGC UGCUUCGGCCAG…

8. Differences In Primary A.A. Sequence
Amino Acid Sequence For Normal
ALA|ARG|LEU|THR|LEU|GLY|LYS|PRO|LEU|GLY|GLU|GLY|CYS|PHE|GLY|GLU
Amino Acid Sequence For Achondroplasia
ALA|ARG|LEU|THR|LEU|GLY|LYS|PRO|LEU|ARG|GLU|GLY|CYS|PHE|GLY|GLU

9. Differences In Polarity
Argenine (polar)

23. Small Nucleotide Ribonucleoprotein
Part of the spliceosome
Removes introns from mRNA transcript

28. What Are The Odds…?

29. Non-Fatal Injuries Zipper: 1: 2,600 Toilet: 1: 6,500
Alarm Clock: 1: 350,000
Bed: 1: 400

30. Fatal Injuries 1
Snake Bite: 1: 36,000,000
Dog Bite: 1: 20,000,000

31. Fatal Injuries 2
Ebola: 1: 14,000,000
Appendicitis: 1: 700

32. Fatal Injuries 3 Earth Destroyed By Meteor: 1: 20,000
You Alone Are Killed By Meteor:
1: 150,000,000,000

33. What Are The Odds That There Is An Exact Duplicate of YOU?

34. Unlikely… 3.2 billion nucleotides in human genome
97% of this is intron (non-coding), dropping the number of coding base pairs to 210,000
Two parents = 2^210,000
1 chance in 10^63,000
However, only ~108 billion humans have EVER been born.

35. Probability and Genetics
Probability: The determination of certain outcomes based upon the number and type of possible outcomes
Genetics: The determination of heritable outcomes due to the passage of DNA

36. If the central dogma dictates that DNA is copied in its entirety, and mitosis ensures that each daughter cell gets the same information as the previous, why do organisms need to be different?

37. Genetic Variety
Genetic variety ensures that populations/species continue to survive despite changes in their ecosystems
Populations that do not change genetically must have environments that rarely change

38. Sources of Genetic Variety
Mutations
Point Mutations (Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms)
Frameshift/Nonsense Mutations
Chromosomal Mutations
Sexual Reproduction

39. Sexual v. Asexual Reproduction

40. Asexual Reproduction
Def: Reproduction requiring only one parent/genetic source
i.e. binary fission, parthenogenesis, budding
PRO: Quick, Fast, Low Requirements
CON: Low Genetic Variety

41. Sexual Reproduction
Def: Reproduction requiring two parents/genetic sources
i.e. conjugation, fertilization
PRO: Genetic Variety
CON: Need water, partners and GAMETES

42. GAMETES Def: Specialized reproductive cells (i.e. sperm, ovum)
Gametes contain half the genetic content of other cells in the organism (yet still contain all of the genes)
To produce another generation, gametes must be fused together to produce a ZYGOTE

43. Diploid v. Haploid
Somatic (body) cells are DIPLOID (two sets of chromosomes)
In each diploid cell, there are pairs of homologous chromosomes containing the same number and type of genes but NOT necessarily coding for identical proteins
GAMETES are HAPLOID (only one set of chromosomes)

44. How does a cell go from diploid to haploid and yet retain all of the genes necessary for the organism?

45. Meiosis
To develop gametes, a cell must undergo MEIOTIC DIVISION (i.e. MEIOSIS)