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Anatomy & Physiology Basic structure: cells, tissues, organs Body planes, directions, & cavities Integumentary system
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Basic Structure of the Human Body Cells Tissues Organs Organ System ORGANISM
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Animal structure has a hierarchy A.CELLULAR LEVEL: Muscle cell B. TISSUE LEVEL: Muscle tissue C.ORGAN LEVEL: Heart D.ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL: Circulatory system E. ORGANISM LEVEL: Many organ systems functioning together
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The Cell Cell membrane Cytoplasm Organelles –Nucleus Nucleolus Chromatin –Ribosomes (free; bound) –Centrosome Centrioles –Mitochondria –Golgi apparatus –Endoplasmic reticulum –Lysosomes –Vesicles Pinocytosis Phagocytosis »See next slide
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Cell Reproduction 2 types of cells in our body: Regular body cells (somatic cells) -------- 46 chromosomes Sex cell (gametes) ---------------------------- 23 chromosomes Mitosis = process of cell reproduction for body cells Get identical cells; thus same as cloning & asexual reproduction Meiosis = process of cell reproduction for sex cells Do not get identical cells; thus get variation
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Mitosis Key: first chromosomes replicate & become chromatids –DNA –Chromatin –Chromosomes Then : (PMAT) –Prophase –Metaphase –Anaphase –Telophase
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Meiosis, Fertilization, Stem Cells
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Tissues Tissue =when cells work together for a common purpose 4 types 1.Epithelial --- lines body surfaces 2.Connective ---connects & supports things 3.Muscle ---- moves & protects 4.Nerve ------ control & communicate
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Systems of the Body 11 organ systems 1.Integumentary 2.Skeletal 3.Muscular 4.Nervous 5.Circulatory 6.Lymphatic 7.Respiratory 8.Digestive 9.Urinary 10.Endocrine 11.Reproductive
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The integumentary system : –Covers and protects the body –Regulates body temp –Makes vitamin D The skeletal system: –Supports and protects the body –Moves the body –Makes blood cells Hair Cartilage Skin Nails Bones
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The muscular system: –Produces movement –Enables body posture –Produces body heat Skeletal muscles
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The endocrine and nervous systems: –control, regulate, and coordinate body functions ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Pituitary gland Thyroid gland Thymus gland Pineal gland NERVOUS SYSTEM Sense organ Spinal cord Nerves Brain Adrenal gland Pancreas Testis (male) Ovary (female)
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The circulatory system: –transports the food and oxygen The lymphatic (immune) system –Protects the body –Carries tissue fluid & wastes to blood CIRCULATORY SYSTEM Heart Blood vessels LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS Bone marrow Thymus Spleen Lymph nodes Lymph vessels
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The digestive system : –Digests & absorbs food –Eliminates wastes The respiratory system –Exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Esophagus Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine Anus Larynx Trachea Bronchus Lung Mouth RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
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The urinary system: – Disposes of certain wastes –Keeps body in fluid & chemical balance Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra Kidney
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The reproductive system: – perpetuates the species Figure 20.9G G.REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS FEMALE Ovary Oviduct Uterus Vagina MALE Penis Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Vas deferens Testis Urethra
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Body planes, directions, & cavities Body Planes: sagittal, coronal (frontal), & transverse
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Body Directions proximal/distal lateral /medial cephalic/ caudal superior/ inferior superficial/ deep anterior/ posterior ventral/ dorsal
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Body Cavities
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Figure 1-8 Areas of the abdomen Quadrants Regions
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Integumentary System Anatomy –3 layers Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous layer –Hypodermis Physiology -Protection -Excretion of waste -Synthesis of Vitamin D -Sensation -Body temperature regulation
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Figure 7-1 Cutaneous membrane
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Figure 7-4 Glands Sebaceous glands (oil) Sudoriferous glands Eccrine Apocrine
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