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BF Skinner Most notable psychologist of 20th century Research dealing with learning and operant conditioning has permeated every field of human behavior -- education, medicine, business
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Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) developed behavioral technology
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Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Walden II -- he describes a utopia-like commune run on his operant principles.
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Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner Beyond Freedom & Dignity -
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Operant Condition Learning by consequences
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Operant Condition Organism “operates” on the environment
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Operant Condition Reinforcements --- Any consequence that makes the behavior it follows more likely to occur
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Operant Condition Reinforcement ---- Behavior that is rewarded, is repeated
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Operant Condition The frequency of the behavior before reinforcement is the “operant level”
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Operant Conditioning: Skinner Box
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Operant Condition “Shape” behavior through “successive approximations”
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Operant Chamber Skinner Box chamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcer contains devices to record responses
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Basic Rules of Shaping Behavior Choose appropriate reinforcer Reinforcement should come immediately after the behavior Unpredictable schedule of reinforcement is more effective Avoid Punishment -- (it may stop unwanted behaviors but returns along with other unwanted behaviors)
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Reinforcement Positive Reinforcer - a response followed by a consequence in the environment results in a strengthening of the response. Negative Reinforcer - Response is strengthened by the avoidance or removal of an aversive stimulus.
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Principles of Reinforcement Fixed-ratio - reinforce behavior after a set number of responses. Example: people paid on a piecework basis; garment workers Variable-ratio - reinforcers after an unpredictable number of responses. Gambers/anglers experience. Salesperson job or on commission
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Principles of Reinforcement Fixed-interval - reinforce the first response after a fixed time period. Weekly Paycheck Variable-interval: reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Pop quiz.
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Learning By Observation Learning need not be through direct observation, but imitating and observing others Process of observing & imitating a specific behavior is called modeling
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Learning By Observation Albert Bandura
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Learning By Observation Bandura Experiment. While child plays in room, adult in other part of room begins lashing out at a Bobo doll. After observing the outburst, child is taken into room with appealing toys. Experimenter enters room and takes toys away (for good children). Many children then become aggressive
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Observational Learning Observational Learning learning by observing others Modeling process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
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