1. Azolla pinnata Koakaukikusa in Japanese: Akakukikusa, Koakaukikusa in Sundanese: Kayu apu dadak in Sumatera: Ganepo in English: water velvet (America) water fern (English) Ferny Azolla (Australia)

2. Benefit of Azolla Can grow on water deficient nitrogen compound Fix Nitrogen 3-5 kg N/ha/day (in the tropics: 500-1000 kg N/ha/year) Biomass doubling time: 2-5 days Maximum biomass: 30-80 ton fresh weight 1.5-4.0 ton dry weight 50-150 kg N/ha Contain 22-37 crude protein on a dry weight basis Inoculum 100g/m2 (20 days: 15-20 ton fresh weight/ha) Continuous cultur Harvesting: 22 times/year with the interval of 16 days cumulative: 200-250 ton fresh weight/ha In other words: High Nitrogen content  organic fertilizer High protein content  feed suplement

3. Azolla as feed for mule duck Ex. Small farm in Sawangan; 100 mule duck weight: 1.1 kg (20 days) Research: day 21-day 60 (40 days) Control: commercial starter broiler Azolla: Drained for one night (fresh) Table 1. Feed mixture for mule duck No. 1  control No.2  fully recommended No. 3  Still acceptable No. 4  negative valvue (x not recommended) GroupAzolla (%)Com.S.C.B (%) Mean Weight Gainned (kg) 101002.1 225751.95 350 1.7 475251.0

4. Growth requirements Temperature: 20-35 o C; Best: 25 o C pH: 3,5 -10,0; best range : 4,5-6,5 Relative humidity : 85-90%; Best : Subtropic, Tropic Dryseason Water level: shallow; Best: 5-10 cm Fertilizer: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, fe, Co, Mo; Main: Phosphorus, low Nitrogen Salinity: sensitive (max: 0.3 ‰) Light intensity: 25-50% Fixation: 40-60 kLux Wind: avoid with hedges, dikes

5. Arthropoda PyralidaeLepidoptera Chironomidae Diptera »Can wreak havoc »Tropic high temperature »High humidity »Limiting factor Gastropoda Fungi Pest