1. Laue Diffraction Laue diffraction of NaCl taken with radiation from a tungsten-target tube operated at 60 kV. The dark patch below the center disk was caused by scattered x-rays. To prevent overexposure, a lead disk masked the center for all but the last second of a 40 minute exposure.

2. Bragg Reflection c e a b d’   c e a b d   Links to Instructor notes page1.gif page1.pdf

3. X-Ray Spectrum 0.01.02.03.0 in Å X-ray intensity (arb. units) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 KK KK 5 kV 10 kV 20 kV 25 kV Characteristic radiation Continuous radiation or bremsstrahlung min 15 kV page1.gif Links to Instructor notes

4. Hypothetical Energy Level Diagram Energy in eV Principal quantum Number E = 0 E = -20 E = -200 E = -2000 E = -20,000 n =  n = 4 (N-shell) n = 3 (M-shell) n = 2 (L-shell) n = 1 (K-shell) KK KK KK K absorption edge LL LL L absorption edge page1.gif Links to Instructor notes page2.gif page3.gif page4.gif page5.gif

5. Absorption of X-rays 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 K keV 8 9 10 15 20 30 50 100  Å Wavelength X-ray energy To M I edge LILI L II L III x 10 LILI L II L III Linear absorption coefficient (cm -1 ) K page1.gif Links to Instructor notes page2.gif

6. X-ray Absorption Intensity of x-rays from copper Linear absorption coefficient of nickel KK KK 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 in Å (a) No filter KK KK K absorption edge of nickel 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 in Å (b) With Ni filter page1.gif Links to Instructor notes page2.gif

7. Auger Process h 0 K L M N Valence Neutral Atom E elec. = (h 0 - E K - W) E elec. = (E K - E L ) - E M - W page1.gif Links to Instructor notes page2.gif

8. Quantum Nature of Emission/Absorption III II I L K V IV III II I VII VI V IV III II I M N 22 11 33 11 22 11   LILI    L II L III l  Energy (log scale)